第六讲 城市计划和城市财政

一、城市计划 (一)城市计划的对象一般地说,城市计划是指以一定的目标对城市建设进行综合性计划,将现有城市建成为某种理想城市的一种手段。日本现行的城市计划比这种含义还狭一些,即通过对土地和设施等为主要对象的物酸性计划,以建设某种理想的城市。然而,随着人口的增加,城市经济活动的扩大和结构变化以及从“富裕社会”产生的对消费需求的扩大和多样化这种密切相关的整个社会的急剧变革过程中,大城市的过密和混杂、城市生活环境的恶化等现代城市问题愈益严重,已往的经济、社会、政治体制和市民生活的方式、思考同     

城市功能"二元结构"下的价格攀升机制及其治理

所谓城市功能,是由城市的各种结构性因素决定的城市的机能或能力,是指在现有社会经济技术和资源条件下,城市在国家或者一定区域范围内的政治、经济、文化生活中所承担的任务和所起的作用,以及由于这种作用的发挥而产生的效能.     

城市社区经济

由于城市社区经济（Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ）是 ８０年代中后期随着社区建设的推行而逐 步从城市社会福利性的社区服务中分离出来的,是实行社会主义市场经济体制前后才开始出现的,一个具有特定内涵的新概念。因此,对城市社区经济的理论研究目前尚属起步阶段。然而,城市社区经济作为一项客观的经济活动其实早就存在,人们几乎每天都在接触它。 地域性。城市社区经济首先必须是在城市这一特定的区域范围之内。社区即地域性社会,地域性是城市社区经济的首要特征,超出了城市这一特定区域范围的经济活动,就不能成为城市社区经…     

珠江—西江经济带能源、经济与环境耦合协调发展研究

粤港澳大湾区建设为珠江—西江经济带产业转移和协同发展带来契机,保持能源、经济与环境的耦合协调发展,对推动形成优势互补高质量的区域经济布局至关重要,对健全区域战略统筹、区际利益补偿等机制,打造珠江—西江绿色生态走廊具有重要意义.通过构建耦合协调度模型测算2019年珠江—西江经济带11个城市能源-经济-环境的发展度、协调度、耦合度及2005—2019年珠江—西江经济带3E系统时空演进情况,结果显示:能源、经济和环境三大指标分类下,除广州市与佛山市外,其他城市的能源、经济和环境类指标均存在显著差异;耦合协调度的三大子系统间的相互依赖程度较高,而经济综合协调有待提升,总体呈现低发展度、高协调度的发展态势;珠江—西江经济带发展度、耦合度呈正向的空间集聚,协调度空间集聚性不明显.基于此,文章从产业转移与承接、经济社会发展协同系统、生态共治共享等方面提出对策建议.     

对我国城市转型的思路探究

目前,我国的城市发展中存在资源短缺、环境污染、交通拥堵、垃圾围城、房价暴涨等问题;片面追求经济量的增长而忽视质的提升。我国城市发展正面临着全面转型,转型成为城市发展的重要问题。当前我国城市转型有六种思路:三个北京、后世博上海、创意城市、总部经济、浐灞范式和资源型城市。在城市转型过程中要注意复古与创新、转型与遗留、城市化与人口膨胀的三个关系。城市转型实施路径有:城镇化;分流需求;健康城市;调整产业结构,实施战略性新兴产业等。     

我国的城市化与城市社会问题

本文是全国社科“七五”规划重点课题研究成果之一,主要探讨了两个问题:我国城市化的过程与城市存在的社会问题。我国城市化的发展是不充分的,特有的政洽、经济等条件对城市化过程有着复杂的影响。我国城市社会的特殊性,决定着城市社会问题的特殊性,这里分析了城市滞涨、城市冲突、城市惰性等现象和形成原因。     

近代社会变迁与南通私营经济的兴衰

传统的家庭手工业发展和沿海、沿江地区的社会经济变迁为南通私营经济的崛起提供了契机,近代政治变迁推动了南通私营经济的兴盛。南通私营经济的发展助推了南通城市近代化进程,近代社会动荡引发的社会生态环境恶化是南通私营经济走向衰败的主要原因。     

全力打造东北东部现代化沿海港口城市

丹东位于辽宁省东南部的凤凰山麓、鸭绿江畔、黄海之滨,是中国海岸线最北端的一座既沿边沿江又沿海的港口城市。20世纪50年代,丹东曾被誉为抗美援朝的“英雄城市”;80年代中期,又跨入全国十个“新兴明星城市”的行列。但在进入市场经济时期,由于多年积累下来的体制性和结构性矛盾等多种原因,丹东经济出现了下滑,落到了全省的后排。新世纪伊始,党中央、国务院作出了振兴东北老工业基地的战略决策,为丹东的经济发展提供了难得的机遇,丹东经济开始走出低谷。特别是去年以来,市委、市政府领导班子以科学发展观统领经济社会发展全局,抚今追昔,审…     

流通中心是城市经济中心作用的核心

城市是一个具有多重中心作用的经济综合有机体。在商品经济和城市生产社会化的条件下,要发挥城市经济中心的作用,也就是发挥城市经济综合有机体的作用,就要首先发挥流通中心的作用。一、城市是个具有多重中心作用的经济综合有机体城市是历史上社会分工和商品经济发展的产物。随着社会生产力的不断发展在城市集中了各类经济部门和越来越多的生产企业,这些经济部门和工业企业的集中,不仅是城市经济高度发展的源泉,而且也是城市经济综合发展的物质基础。一般说来,现代城市都是一定地域内的商品流通中心、工业生产中心、交通运输中心、金融中心和信息中心,也是科技中     

杭州城市时代规划初探

城市是生产发展、社会分工的产物。生产力的发展、经济结构的变化对城市发展具有决定作用;历史条件、科学文化的进步、人口聚集,以及土地、资源、气候等自然条件和地理位置,对城市发展也起着重大影响。经济、社会、自然诸因素的综合作用,决定了每个城市各有其特点、规模,决定了它们在国民经济发展中的不同地位。社会经济发展是城市发展的基础;反之,城市的发展又会促进生产力进一步发展。因此充分认识、掌握城市发展的规律性,认真分析每个城市的特点、合理地进行城市布局和科学地规划城市发展,是当前社会主义现代化建设中二个十分重要的课题。本文拟从杭州市的特点出发,从宏观的角度对杭州城市建设作初步的探讨。     

Municipal conjunctive water use on the texas high plains

On the semiarid, water-short High Plains of West Texas, cities often make conjunctive use of water from widely dispersed sources, specifically groundwater from the dwindling Ogallala aquifer and the meager flow of streams rising in or crossing the area. Nineteen High Plains towns and cities, including Lubbock and Amarillo, receive most of their water supply from municipal water authorities which distribute surface water from Lake Meredith and the much smaller Mackenzie and White River reservoirs to a population of almost 500,000. Most of these communities continue to use preexisting groundwater reserves to improve quality or supplement their surface supply, and the Canadian River Municipal Water Authority has acquired extensive groundwater rights so that it can augment and improve the quality of water it dispenses from Lake Meredith. Although Texas water law has hindered rather than encouraged this conjunctive use, integrated water use, if not integrated water management, is widely practiced on the High Plains.     

Gains and losses of migrants and income through intercounty migration in the U.S., 1992–1993

Migration alters both the origin and destination of migrants in a variety of ways. This study uses data recently made available by the Internal Revenue Service to document gains and losses of both persons and income accruing to counties in the United States as a result of internal migration between 1992 and 1993. The degree to which migration alters the size of a county's population as well as the amount of income received in that county is assessed by means of effectiveness rates which are ratios of net flows to total flows. The majority of counties, especially those in the South and West gained both migrants and income during the period; losses were confined largely to the Northeast, Great Plains and California. Counties at the edges of large metropolitan areas gained income even more rapidly than people; counties containing large central cities lost income even faster than they lost migrants. Amenity-laden recreational and retirement counties were also among those who gained both people and income via migration. Overall, these results indicate an exacerbation of demographic and economic differences between regions as well as within metropolitan areas.     

Who Lives on the Wrong Side of the Environmental Tracks? Evidence from the EPA's Risk‐Screening Environmental Indicators Model*

Objective. We analyze the social and economic correlates of air pollution exposure in U.S. cities. Methods. We combine 1990 Census block group data for urbanized areas with 1998 data on toxicity‐adjusted exposure to air pollution. Using a unique data set created as a byproduct of the EPA's Risk‐Screening Environmental Indicators Model, we improve on previous studies of environmental inequality in three ways. First, where previous studies focus on the proximity to point sources and the total mass of pollutants released, our measure of toxic exposure reflects atmospheric dispersion and chemical toxicity. Second, we analyze the data at a fine level of geographic resolution. Third, we control for substantial regional variations in pollution, allowing us to identify exposure differences both within cities and between cities. Results. We find that African Americans tend to live both in more polluted cities in the United States and in more polluted neighborhoods within cities. Hispanics live in less polluted cities on average, but they live in more polluted areas within cities. We find an extremely consistent income‐pollution gradient, with lower‐income people significantly more exposed to pollution. Conclusions. Communities with higher concentrations of lower‐income people and people of color experience disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards. Our findings highlight the importance of controlling for interregional variation in pollution levels in studies of the demographic correlates of pollution.     

产业群、城市群和港口群协同发展的国际经验

随着区域经济合作及其一体化的加快推进,各类资源的集聚集群发展成为一个地区参与国际竞争的重要手段,其中一个明显的特征是产业、城市和港口的群体发展逐步显现。在群体内部,产业间、城市间和港口间的互动发展是增强群体竞争优势的推动力;在群体之间,产业群、城市群和港口群的协同发展是增强区域竞争力的有效方式。国外比较成熟的沿海都市带在推动产业群、城市群和港口群协同发展方面积累了许多有益经验,而这些是我国正处于成型阶段的都市带需要学习和借鉴的。     

试论武周时期的酷吏

武周时期曾出现过不少酷吏。关于武周酷吏的定位 ,不仅影响到对武则天的评价 ,而且关系到如何认识武周社会。武则天是个铁腕人物 ,她为了打击政敌 ,巩固地位 ,不惜重用酷吏 ,制造冤狱 ,但这并不能说明她生性残忍 ,“阴鸷好杀”。酷吏是上层统治者之间矛盾和斗争的产物 ,他们的大量出现只是制造了统治阶级内部一系列混乱 ,并没有影响到武周社会的安定与繁荣。     

城乡居民收入差距持续扩大对经济效率的影响

在中央政府大力强调城乡统筹发展的背景下,农民收入持续快速增长,但城乡居民收入差距继续扩大。城乡收入差距过大,将对社会经济的健康发展造成负面影响。城乡居民收入差距持续扩大不仅将导致有效需求不足,还加剧了产业结构的不合理,加速了资本深化进程。     

"新丝绸之路"开发的近期目标--关于建立"连云港西安港务区"的可行性研究

随着“西部大开发”战略的逐步实施 ,开发“新丝绸之路”经济带已被我国政府提上议事日程。面对这一机遇 ,深处内陆腹地、位居西部大开发桥头堡的西安市 ,应该通过与东部港口城市连云港合作建立“连云港西安港务区” ,参与到国际经贸的大潮中     

The bund: Littoral space of empire in the treaty ports of East Asia

This article is a preliminary study of a spatial form known as the bund, which developed in the treaty ports of East Asia from the mid-nineteenth century to the Second World War. Though now generally associated with that celebrated stretch of waterfront known as the Shanghai Bund, many treaty ports throughout the East Asian region once claimed their own bund. The generic space of the bund was unique in that it embodied many of the principles inherent in Victorian mercantile capitalism. It also reflected the unique situation of treaty port life, in which concepts such as extra-territoriality and laissez-faire capitalism shaped the spatial layout and development of port cities. Bunds played a central role in facilitating the commercial, military and recreational activities of European, North American and, in the twentieth century, Japanese residents of the treaty ports. They furthermore marked the site at which the segregation and violence that accompanied late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century imperialism made its presence felt in Asian ports. In addressing the historical development and post-war demise of bunds, this article also questions the meaning behind the contemporary trend for nostalgic restoration of treaty port era waterfronts in many East Asian cities today.     

“以火为政”:明清时期梧州城火政与区域社会的变迁

帝国时期,火政是城市社会生活的重要内容,且往往与区域社会的变迁有着密切关系。明清时期,在西江流域社会转型的大背景下,广西梧州城经历了从军事重镇到商业枢纽的转变,而这一过程被全息地投射到梧州城火政的演变上。本文以梧州城的火政为中心,通过探讨其演变的过程,重新理解明清时期西江流域社会的地方动乱、人口流动及商业贸易等重大问题。     

千年海上丝路的世界商埠文化名城——广州争创“世界历史文化名城”刍议

从“历史”、“文化”、“名”三方面论证了广州可谓千年海上丝绸之路的世界商埠文化名城,拥有海丝文化、华侨文化、革命文化、改革文化、岭南文化等个性特色,是当代中国海洋文化中最为活跃的部分。当代海洋文化必将对中国文化母体本身的发展与创新产生极为重大的影响。广州依靠商埠文化城市的优势,跻身世界历史文化名城之列,应该是可行的。