Gender inequality in earnings in industrialized East Asia

Using data from the 2006 Family Module of the East Asian Social Survey, we use regression-based methods to decompose the sex gap in hourly wages in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. We find that Taiwan has the smallest sex gap in wages, and is also distinctive in that employed women have more education than men, on average. Japan is distinctive in the high proportion of women consigned to non-regular (temporary, often part-time) jobs, and this factor explains much more of the gap in Japan than elsewhere. Korea is distinctive in having an extremely high proportion of men who are college graduates; therefore, in Korea gender differences in education and occupational placement explain more of the gap than elsewhere. Despite many historical similarities between these societies, our analysis points out the heterogeneity within industrialized East Asia when it comes to gender inequality.     

Marketization,occupational segregation,and gender earnings inequality in urban China

This article analyzes a large sample of the 2005 population mini-census data and prefecture-level statistics of China to investigate gender earnings inequality in the context of economic marketization, paying special attention to the changing role of occupational segregation in the process. We approximate marketization by employment sectors and also construct an index of marketization at the prefecture level. Results show that, despite the tremendous economic growth, marketization has exacerbated gender earnings inequality in urban China's labor markets. Gender earnings inequality is the smallest in government/public institutions, followed by public enterprises, and then private enterprises. The gender inequality also increases with the prefecture's level of marketization. Multilevel analyses show that occupational segregation plays an important role in affecting gender earnings inequality: the greater the occupational segregation, the more disadvantaged women are relative to men in earnings in a prefecture's labor market. Moreover, the impact of occupational segregation on gender earnings inequality increases with the prefectural level of marketization. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of gender earnings inequality and have important implications for policy to promote gender equality in urban China.     

Compensating differentials, labor market segmentation, and wage inequality

Two literatures on work and the labor market draw attention to the importance of non-pecuniary job amenities. Social psychological perspectives on work suggest that workers have preferences for a range of job amenities (e.g. Halaby, 2003). The compensating differentials hypothesis predicts that workers navigate tradeoffs among different job amenities such that wage inequality overstates inequality in utility (Smith, 1979). This paper joins these perspectives by constructing a new measure of labor market success that evaluates the degree to which workers’ job amenity preferences and outcomes match. This measure of subjective success is used to predict workers’ job satisfaction and to test the hypothesis that some degree of labor force inequality in wages is due to preference-based tradeoffs among all job amenities. Findings demonstrate that the new measure predicts workers’ job satisfaction and provides evidence for the presence of compensating differentials in the primary and intermediate, but not secondary, labor markets.     

Investigating the organizational sources of high-wage earnings growth and rising inequality

Recent studies indicate that the growth of earnings inequality in the United States since the late 1970s reflects organizational changes in the process of earnings determination. Existing research primarily focuses on workplace changes that reduce earnings levels for middle- and low-wage workers despite the importance of high-wage gains for rising inequality. This paper investigates how organizational context affects the relationship between occupation and earnings, with a focus on high-wage occupations. The earnings associated with low-wage occupations do not vary across industry groups. By contrast, the earnings advantages associated with high-wage occupations vary across industry groups in relation to the industry’s prevalence of performance pay practices. Pay initiatives that reward individuals for company performance explain much of the inter-industry variance in managerial and professional earnings slopes. The growth of performance-based pay represents an organizational change in earnings determination that may serve as a mechanism of high-wage earnings growth and rising inequality.     

丹麦劳动力市场模式分析

丹麦劳动力市场模式是近年来国际劳动力市场模式中非常成功的一种模式,日益受到国际社会的关注。“丹麦模式”的基本特征是将灵活化的劳动力市场、慷慨的福利制度与积极的劳动力市场政策有机结合在一起构成了一个“金三角”,成功地平衡了劳动力市场的灵活性与安全性。丹麦劳动力市场模式以其传统的价值理念、良好的社会合作机制和混合经济体制为基础。随着全球化时代社会经济条件的变化,丹麦劳动力市场模式也面临着严峻的挑战。     

Socioeconomic background and racial earnings inequality: A propensity score analysis

Does a racial earnings gap exist among individuals who come from similar childhood socioeconomic backgrounds? Is the racial earnings gap larger or smaller for those from higher or lower socioeconomic origins? This research addresses these questions by taking a counterfactual approach to estimating the residual racial pay gap between non-Hispanic black and white men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The findings indicate that the racial earnings gap is larger among those from lower-middle class and working class childhood backgrounds than among those from upper-middle class backgrounds, for whom the racial pay gap is indistinguishable from zero. Compared to their more advantaged counterparts, black men from lower-middle and working class backgrounds have more difficulty rising above their socioeconomic origins relative to white men from similar social class backgrounds. Racial earnings equality among those from upper-middle class backgrounds suggests that the high levels of racial inequality often observed among those with college and professional degrees may in fact reflect heterogeneous childhood socioeconomic backgrounds among the college educated—backgrounds that continue to have an effect on earnings despite individual academic achievements.     

全球化与世界资本主义和社会主义

资本主义和社会主义同全球化的历史进程是互动的,它们之问存在着历史的渊源关系和深刻的内在联系.当代世界全球化的主导者是西方发达资本主义国家,但历史终将证明全球化的尽头是资本主义的历史终结,是社会主义和共产主义的灿烂辉煌.     

中国的全球化选择与对策

全球化是 2 1世纪的主题 ,它全面制约着各国的发展 ,从而要求各国作出选择与回应。中国是全球化的受益者 ,同时也受到全球化负效应的冲击。中国必须坚定不移地融入全球化 ,并自觉地担负起改变全球化进程中不公正、不平衡现状的历史责任。全面深化改革是中国应对全球化挑战的必由之路。     

全球化与制度创新

全球化的实质是人类社会交往的扩展 ,这充分表现在交往主体、交往手段、交往范围、交往内容等多个方面。随着人类社会交往的全球化趋势 ,作为社会交往规则体系的制度 ,必将发生巨大的改变 ,即呈现一种不断创新的态势。在全球化背景下 ,制度创新呈现出一系列趋势 ,如人性化、民主化、全球化、法律化等     

后现代化与全球化

后现代主义理论作为解读各种社会现象的基本框架,是20世纪后期人文与社会科学领域的支配性范式。后现代理论具备以下两个特征:首先,试图将当代社会的"现代性变迁"置于时间的脉络中加以理解;其次,后现代理论是一个根植于欧美等发达国家经验的变迁图式,是欧美人针对自身的一种自我理解的尝试。全球化理论形成于20世纪90年代,是一个从全球视角理解资本主义的形成与发展的理论。全球化理论同样具有两大特征:第一,擅长将某一社会的"外部"变量放在"全球"范围内加以考察;第二,着重关注西欧圈与非西欧圈合为一体的"地球",是一个主要用来解释非西欧圈问题的范式。     

全球化的实质和进程与马克思的全球化理论

应当根据全球化的实质和进程来判断马克思是否具有全球化理论。全球化的实质是市场经济机制超越民族国家的界限在全球范围内的拓展和深化,由此逐渐形成一体化的世界经济体系,并导致各国政治和文化在全球范围内的互动。全球化的历史进程可以划分为两个阶段。马克思的全球化理论恰好是对全球化第一阶段的理论把握,它包括了“世界市场”和“世界历史”两个部分。     

经济全球化与现代资本主义

经济全球化是在生产高度社会化基础上各国经济一体化的过程。其实质是资本主义关系的全球化。经济全球化无疑有助于扩大信息交流和推动科技进步,有助于全球财富的增加,但同时也进一步扩大了各国经济发展的不平衡,拉大了国家之间的贫富差距,这在客观上增大了国家间和区域集团间发生矛盾和冲突的可能性。现阶段,健全、有效的国际经济调节机制还没有形成,一旦全球资本主义经济的某个环节发生断裂,整个全球经济都会因此陷入空前的危机之中。经济全球化使资本主义面临前所未有的严峻挑战。     

全球化与学校教育

本文研究了全球化的主要特征 ,深入分析了它对学校教育的冲击和影响 ,提出了学校应对全球化挑战的策略和措施。并得出了重要的结论     

Field of study variation throughout the college pipeline and its effect on the earnings gap: Differences between ethnic and immigrant groups in Israel

This study demonstrates the analytical leverage gained from considering the entire college pipeline—including the application, admission and graduation stages—in examining the economic position of various groups upon labor market entry. The findings, based on data from three elite universities in Israel, reveal that the process that shapes economic inequality between different ethnic and immigrant groups is not necessarily cumulative. Field of study stratification does not expand systematically from stage to stage and the position of groups on the field of study hierarchy at each stage is not entirely explained by academic preparation. Differential selection and attrition processes, as well as ambition and aspirations, also shape the position of ethnic groups in the earnings hierarchy and generate a non-cumulative pattern. These findings suggest that a cross-sectional assessment of field of study inequality at the graduation stage can generate misleading conclusions about group-based economic inequality among workers with a bachelor’s degree.     

全球化、全球城市网络与全球城市的逻辑关系

经济全球化是全球城市形成与发展的重要推动力。但如果把经济全球化作为直接解释变量,从中推导出“全球城市”的形成与发展,在理论上是有缺陷的。因为经济全球化对所有的城市产生重大影响,改变了整个世界城市体系,促进了全球城市网络的形成。全球城市只是全球城市网络中的中心(基本)节点,而其他城市是这一网络中的一般节点。通过“全球化——全球城市网络——全球城市”的逻辑关系重构,不仅在全球城市网络中建立了全球城市与一般城市之间的联系,而且也有助于更准确地揭示一般城市的双重属性。     

Varying weekly work hours and earnings instability in the Great Recession

Unstable work schedules are increasingly a prominent stratification outcome, particularly for low-wage workers. Nationally representative and longitudinal research on the topic is limited, however. This article examines varying numbers of weekly work hours among hourly workers, their increase during the Great Recession of the late 2000s, and their impact on growing earnings instability. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), the cumulative probability of ever reporting varying hours among hourly workers increased from 36 percent between 2004 and 2007 to 46 percent between 2008 and 2012. Changes in state-level economic conditions, particularly state-level unemployment rates and economic growth, largely explain the increase in varying hours, consistent with arguments that employers pass the costs of volatile demand onto workers. Finally, variance function regressions show the growth of varying hours accounts for the significant increase in earnings instability from 2004–7 to 2008–12.     

法律全球化与对话

随着人类公共交往的场域日益超越国家的边界,法律全球化亦成为当今世界法律发展的基本态势。尽管西方国家的现代化范式和法律治理结构在全球化过程中占尽先机,甚或一定程度上掌握了话语霸权,但法律的文化属性决定了法律全球化并不应当是法律的西方化。哈贝马斯把其对话理论作为解决文化冲突的基本方式,这对于如何推进法律全球化极具参考价值。对话,亦应当作为法律全球化的路径倚赖。我国参与全球化对话,要克服法律“失语”现象,从传统中寻找“谈资”,并注重解决当下中国的问题。     

经济全球化与国际关系发展新趋势

21世纪以降,经济全球化导致国际关系发生深刻转变,国际关系出现了许多新特点和新趋势。主要包括国际关系的制度化日益加强,国家间的冲突与合作并存发展,国际经济关系日益政治化、国际政治关系日益经济化,非传统安全问题日益突出、相关的国际合作日益加强,外交领域和范围不断扩展,外交的民主化趋向日益加强,国际世界格局多极化在曲折中发展与转变。     

论全球化问题与全球性问题的区别和联系

全球化问题与全球性问题名称近似 ,但二者是有区别的 :其一 ,全球化问题的内涵比全球性问题更宽泛 ,全球化问题包括全球性问题 ,但不能仅归结为全球性问题 ;其二 ,全球化问题产生的历史起点和理论研究的起始年代比全球性问题早得多 ,二者形成的背景也不完全相同 ;其三 ,就其影响或后果而言 ,全球化问题兼具正负双重效应 ,全球性问题则单指负效应。当然 ,二者在其发展进程上也具有相关性 ,它们互为因果 ,互相影响 ,互相推动。弄清全球化问题与全球性问题的区别和联系 ,对深化这方面的理论研究和解决有关的实际问题 ,具有重要意义     

全球化时代的个人:自由、危机与责任

全球化时代的个人存在状态发生了重大变化。个人活动已经在很大程度上突破了时间、空间的局限 ,个人真正成为世界性的、普遍的个人 ,个人的“独立性”自由得到空前扩展。同时 ,个人自由的扩展也给整个人类的存在带来危机。因此 ,全球化时代的个体必须领悟当代人类的存在状态 ,达致一种个人活动的规范 ,树立并履践人类的责任意识。