Prismatic Metropolis: Race and Residential Segregation in the City of the Angels

Most major urban areas remain segregated by race, especially in terms of black segregation from whites. We replicate and extend the innovative approach developed by Farley and colleagues for understanding processes of racial residential segregation with data collected in Los Angeles. Using a large (N = 4025) multiracial sample of adults, we examine (1) actual and perceived differences in economic status, (2) mutual preference for same race neighbors, and (3) racial prejudice and discrimination as hypotheses for the persistence of residential segregation. With a systematic experimental design we gauge respondent openness to living in areas with varying proportions of black, white, Latino, or Asian neighbors. We find no support for actual or perceived cost of housing as a barrier to integration. Although all groups exhibit some degree of ethnocentric preference for same race neighbors, this tendency is strongest among whites rather than blacks and plays only a small role in perpetuating segregation. Blacks face the greatest hostility in the search for housing and are consensually recognized as most likely to face discrimination in the housing market. Racial minorities are more open to sharing residential space with whites than with other minorities. We find generally higher rates of openness to integration than Farley and colleagues found in their recent Detroit survey.     

应对“城市病”：英国工业化时期的经历与启示

英国工业化时期的＂城市病＂问题主要因城市人口的急剧增加所致,集中表现为工人住房短缺、环境污染严重、流行疾病蔓延、社会治安混乱。在客观调研的基础上,英国政府在扩大住房供给、改善城市环境、加强社会治安方面采取了诸多措施,并取得一定成效。目前,中国正处于＂城市病＂爆发的高峰期,认识和反思英国的早期经历对我们有镜鉴作用。     

Factors associated with two types of child custody loss among a sample of African American mothers: A novel approach

African American families are overrepresented in the Child Welfare System; however, extant research on this phenomenon has (1) focused mostly on Caucasian or mixed-race samples and (2) has not examined informal custody arrangements alongside official child custody loss. This research addresses these gaps in the literature by examining factors associated with both official and informal child custody loss among a sample of African American mothers. Multinomial regression results show that having ever been incarcerated following a conviction increases the odds of experiencing both types of custody loss relative to no loss. Additionally, mother’s experiences of childhood victimization increase the likelihood of informal custody loss relative to no loss, while being older, past year homelessness, number of minor children, being lesbian or bisexual, crack/cocaine use, and more family social support increase the odds of official loss versus no loss. Finally, increases in social support from friends decrease the odds of official loss. Implications are discussed.     

The myth of the glass ceiling: Evidence from a stock-flow analysis of authority attainment

It is apparent to even a casual observer of American society that women and minorities are underrepresented among managers, especially among top-level executives. Past studies, however, have failed to find a consistent pattern of female and minority disadvantages in actual promotions and hiring decisions to account for this underrepresentation. This study aims to resolve this incongruity. Drawing on panel data from a nationally representative sample of scientists and engineers, I analyzed transitions across authority levels for men and women of three broad racial groups: whites, Asian Americans, and underrepresented minorities. There are two main findings. First, downward mobility plays an important role in authority inequality, especially for Asian men and underrepresented minority men and women. Second, while women and minorities face lower rates of upward mobility than white men, their disadvantages are concentrated in the bottom to middle-level transitions. This pattern is inconsistent with the popular notion of a “glass ceiling,” which implies that women and minorities encounter an unbreakable obstacle in accessing top positions after they have made their way into mid-level management.     

毕业大学生住房保障问题的困境及出路

我国高校扩招以来,毕业大学生人数逐年激增,时至今日,初入社会的毕业大学生不仅要面临严峻的就业形势,还要承受住房方面的压力。在住房问题上,他们陷入了三个困境：恶劣的居住环境、影响到父母的养老生活、处于被双排斥的＂夹心层＂。从分析解决毕业大学生住房保障问题的现实意义出发,通过总结江苏省采取＂提取住房公积金付房租＂办法的成效与不足,积极倡导以兴建青年廉租公寓作为解决目前毕业大学生的住房保障问题的出路。     

城市竞争力和地产价格——上海市住宅建筑发展分析

近段时期业界人士、学者和政府官员对近年来国内房地产市场价格持续上升是否是“房地产泡沫”一说存在很大争议。本文针对这一现象 ,选择上海市住宅市场具体分析该市住宅的建筑与销售面积、住宅投资额及其来源、存量房结构及其交易量、基础设施投资额、房产公司当年收入来源、人均收入增长率等一系列指标 ,综合考察上海住宅市场的发展过程。我们认为 ,上海住宅市场基本是一个结构不断优化、面向大众消费者并已处于稳步繁荣的良好局面 ,而这一判断基本排除了上海住宅市场存在泡沫的可能性。同时究其根源 ,这一稳步繁荣的局面是以上海在长江三角洲地区进而全国的城市竞争力为基础的。本文最后对保持上海独特的城市竞争力和推动住宅市场的稳步繁荣提出了几点政策建议     

The misunderstood consequences of Shelley v. Kraemer

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) was a landmark civil rights ruling, in which the Supreme Court held that private racial covenants could not be enforced by the state to evict black buyers of “restricted” homes. Fair housing scholars have generally dismissed or downplayed the practical effects of Shelley, since other forms of housing discrimination remained very powerful. Using spatial lag models and detailed geographic data on the location of covenants and patterns of intra-urban black migration, we compare the role of Shelley with other forces shaping mid-century neighborhood change. We find that Shelley precipitated white-to-black neighborhood transitions after 1948 and changed the nature of the dual housing market in important ways. We also show that increased black mobility produced a sharp increase in intra-black economic segregation during the 1950s and 1960s.     

我国住房公积金制度的变迁及其现实状况

我国的住房公积金制度取得了长足的发展,为广大城镇居民的住房条件改革作出了较大贡献。然而由于制度设计和其他方面原因,我国的住房公积金制度还存在体制不顺、制度不全、监督不力、人才缺乏、管理落后等问题。现阶段关于我国住房公积金制度改革有改组论、取代论、合并论、取消论等四种代表性观点,这些观点既有其合理之处,也有考虑不全之处。推进我国住房公积金制度改革,应准确把握住房公积金的定位,健全管理体制,创新管理机制。     

解决农民工权益保障问题的对策

在各级政府的努力下,农民工权益保障状况有了好转,但农民工面临的问题仍然十分突出。我们必须针对农民工权益保障方面存在的问题,在立法和执法、户籍管理、社会保障、公共服务、农民工自身素质提高和城乡和谐氛围的营造等方面采取相应的对策。     

转型时期城市“住房地位群体”

住房的最初功能是为人类提供一个遮风挡雨、驱寒保暖、安全稳定的居住场所.然而,在社会分层的社会里,住房就具有了地位符号和地位象征的含义.我国在市场化的房屋体制改革以后,房屋或房产已成为居民的重要财产,或成为资产,出租和出售房屋成为居民赢利的重要手段.于是,房屋所有者的经济地位含义就更为突出了,住房也成了转型时期城市"地位群体"的一种标志.     

The dimensions of mobilities: The spatial relationships between corporeal and digital mobilities

The aim of this article is to study how the corporeal and digital mobilities are spatially organised in relation to each other in everyday life. The dimensions of mobilities are modelled by using survey data (N = 612) collected from Finland in 2011, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA). The results show that the combined use of corporeal and digital means of mobility affect the spatial organisation of mobilities only little. The results indicate that young people and students are more likely to benefit from their mobility in networking activities as they are equipped with a larger variety of mobility means than older people and pensioners. Lastly, women and people living in essentially urban areas are more likely to augment their physical travelling practices by using small-sized digital mobilities than men and people living in rural locations.     

大城市住房价格影响因素的动态分析

本文以状态空间的可变参数模型为分析视角,对1998-2010年南京市住房价格变动的影响因素进行实证分析。在多变量分析框架下,根据Kalman滤波法,运用样本空间为13年的时间序列数据对参数进行连续地估计,并对其波动进行了阶段性动态分析。实证结果显示:从空间状态模型来看,市场环境的改变,如城市地区生产总值、城镇居民可支配收入、房地产开发投资额、金融机构存款余额、利率的变化、预期的转变等,住房销售价格都会通过供给与需求的后续调整来得到表现。最后,本文针对实证分析结果提出了若干建议。     

The impact of cumulative family risks on various levels of food insecurity

The study uses the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (N = 2025) to examine the relationship between four cumulative family risk indices and refined measures of food hardship: marginal food security, low food security, and very low food security. Regression analyses indicate that cumulative family risk indices are useful in differentiating various levels of food insecurity. Specifically, the maternal poor health and risky health behaviors index is pertinent for distinguishing (1) food insecure from marginal food secure households and (2) very low food secure from low food secure households. In addition, the financial strain index is pertinent for differentiating between marginal food secure families from food secure families among non-poor households. Connecting food assistance programs with established social services may decrease the negative impact that cumulative family-level risk factors have on families’ varying levels of food insecurity.     

Neighborhood disorder and individual economic self-sufficiency: New evidence from a quasi-experimental study

This paper draws on data from the Monitoring Mt. Laurel Study, a new survey-based study that enables us to compare residents living in an affordable housing project in a middle-class New Jersey suburb to a comparable group of non-residents. Building on the theoretical and empirical contributions of the Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity studies, we test the hypothesis that living in this housing project improves a poor person’s economic prospects relative to what they would have experienced in the absence of such housing, and that these improved prospects can be explained at least in part by reduced exposure to disorder and stressful life events. We find that residents in the Ethel Lawrence Homes are significantly less likely to experience disorder and negative life events and that this improvement in circumstances indirectly improves the likelihood of being employed, their earnings, and the share of income from work. We find no relationship between residence in the housing project and the likelihood of using welfare.     

Who is banked in low income families? The effects of gender and bargaining power

We use data from the U.S. Survey of Consumer Finances and a framework that accounts for intrahousehold dynamics to examine bank account ownership for low-income couples. We find that even among families who are banked, some family members are not. Those without accounts may lack access to financial services, be at a disadvantage within their families, or face financial risks if their partnerships end. Our results indicate that men and women are equally likely to be banked, but the factors predicting whether or not they have accounts differ. Women with more bargaining power are more likely to hold bank accounts and their families are more likely to be banked. Moreover, individual characteristics of male and the female partners have different effects on the chances that they, their partners, or their families are banked.     

住房改革理论与实践：一个文献综述

我国城镇住房制度改革的理论与实践,从住房实物福利分配到住房商品化,始终围绕住房的保障属性和商品属性展开。依照住房制度改革的历史进程,对改革开放以来的住房改革理论与实践进行回顾和梳理,展现了符合中国国情的城镇居民住房需求的理论与实践发展的轨迹。这对进一步完善城镇住房保障制度建设和规范住房市场秩序具有重要意义。     

The long reach of parental incarceration: The case of institutional engagement

Vast surveillance, especially of those with criminal justice contact, is a key feature of contemporary societies. As a consequence of this surveillance, formerly incarcerated individuals both avoid and are excluded from institutions, and this dampened institutional engagement may extend to offspring of the incarcerated. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examine the relationship between parental incarceration and young adult institutional engagement in different settings, including financial institutions, medical institutions, school and work, volunteer organizations, and religious institutions. We find parental incarceration is associated with diminished institutional engagement in young adulthood. This association is partially explained by reduced parental institutional engagement during adolescence in addition to young adult's impaired health, lack of trust in government, and criminal justice contact. Our findings highlight a subtle and pervasive way that parental incarceration influences the transition to adulthood.     

小产权房中的利益博弈和利益平衡研究

小产权房由来已久,建设部的“风险提示”使“小产权房”骤然成为舆论关注的焦点,透过对小产权房的解读,我们不仅看到其对高房价市场的对抗和对住房保障体系苍白无力的反衬,更看到了城乡二元社会结构对以土地、房产为代表的社会资源的人为分割。“小产权房”问题涉及众多主体,各主体之间的矛盾关键在于博弈主体之间的利益之争。基于主体之间的利益博弈对小产权房的内质予以厘定,从利益驱动角度分析小产权房的成因,结合新农村建设的实际,尝试性地提出几种平衡小产权房利益博弈问题的具体制度安排,对于“小产权房”问题或许能提供一些不同的视角借鉴或解决之道。     

Ontological insecurity and subjective feelings of unsafety: Analysing socially constructed fears in Italy

Perception of insecurity arises as a complex social phenomenon affected by factors that go beyond actual crime rates. Previous contributions to the field of fear of crime studies have shown, for instance, that the perception of social and physical disorder may generate insecurity among residents even in contexts where crime is comparatively low. Meanwhile, sociological approaches have led to a conceptualization of insecurity as an umbrella sentiment grounded in a wider feeling of unease. Building further on this assumption, data gathered in a large-scale survey in Italy (n = 15,428) were analysed by implementing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with the objective of assessing the validity of a model of “ontological insecurity”. The results of our analysis support a conceptualization of insecurity where socially constructed anxieties (due to health and financial precariousness), as well as ethnic, sexual and religious-based stigmatization, play a prominent role in determining an individual's feeling of insecurity.