国际移民对输出国与输入国的双重影响

国际人口流动是一把双刃剑,给输出国与输入国带来双重影响。国际人口迁移对提高人口素质起着积极作用,促进了移民接受国经济的发展,加速了城市化进程,促进了接受国政治民主化进程和多元文化的发展。但同时,国际人口迁移又带来负面影响,即给移民输出国带来人才流失,进而影响原籍国的经济发展。国际移民带来的消极影响还包括难民、非法移民和跨国移民犯罪问题。国际人口迁移的负面影响与正面影响相比,其正面影响是第一位的,负面影响是第二位的。我们应以积极的态度促进国际人口的合理流动,趋利避害,尽量减少国际人口流动的负面影响。     

人民币在中南半岛区域化研究

国际货币发行国对世界经济有着重要的地位及影响,因此本国货币国际化是许多国家提高国际经济地位的手段之一。随着我国经济不断发展,经济实力增强,人民币地位的上升,人民币国际化也成了重要的议题。在我国与中南半岛五国（越南、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸、泰国）的经济交流中,人民币的跨境流动和使用已有一定规模,人民币跨境结算的业务逐渐开展标志着人民币国际化已走出第一步。而关于人民币在该地区区域化的背景与条件分析是人民币进一步国际化战略决策的重要基础。     

Social mobility in 20 modern societies: The role of economic and political context

It is commonly argued that social mobility rates are influenced by economic and political conditions. Nevertheless, research on this issue has tended to be hindered by two limitations that make it difficult to draw strong conclusions about contextual effects: (1) seldom have country-level and individual-level influences been tested simultaneously, and (2) only rarely have data more recent than the 1970s been employed. We improve on previous research by employing multilevel models fitted to relatively recent survey data collected from 20 modern societies by the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and national-level characteristics derived from various official sources. Our findings demonstrate systematic cross-national variation in the association between the occupational status of respondents and their fathers. Consistent with the industrialization thesis, this variation is positively associated with per-capita GDP, suggesting that more affluent nations are characterized by more open and fluid stratification structures. Our results also suggest the importance of political regimes and migration for social mobility. In contrast, economic inequality appears to explain very little of the cross-national variation in mobility rates.     

从虚拟经济角度看国际贫富差距的原因

2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,随着经济虚拟化进程的加快 ,发达国家和发展中国家的贫富差距较之过去愈加明显。造成这一差距的主要原因是发达国家“价值化”的财富积累方式、攻击性的金融投机以及信息资源优势。在这样的国际背景下 ,我国应稳定价值体系 ,提高人民币的国际地位 ;适度开放金融市场 ,保证货币政策的独立性 ;确立利用信息和知识促进发展的国家战略     

绿色增长：亚洲地区可持续发展的现实选择

2008年全球性金融危机的爆发,2011年因地震海啸引发的日本核电站泄漏事件,使世界各国必须同时应对全球气候变化和经济危机的双重压力,亚洲地区也不例外。如何尽快摆脱困境,继续保持亚洲经济的良性发展势头？很多国家结合本国特点,提供了经济增长与环境保护相结合的可持续发展路径。随着全球化进程的加剧和公民社会的成熟,明确发达国家与发展中国家的国际责任,形成亚洲地区多层次的环境治理机制,成为实现可持续发展的新的推动力量。     

Measuring short-term labor force mobility with the Labor Utilization Framework

Continuing employment growth and declining unemployment rates in the U.S. labor force since 1982 have raised new questions about employment quality and shifts between adequate and marginal employment. In this paper, we use an individual-matched file from the 1986 and 1987 March annual demographic supplements of the Current Population Survey to examine 1-year transitions between labor force states measured with the Labor Utilization Framework (LUF). Short-term shifts between nonparticipation, unemployment, underemployment, and adequate employment—as conceived in the LUF—are characterized here for the first time. Our results suggest that the majority of recent job takers found adequate employment, but that new labor force entrants and the previously unemployed nevertheless experienced rates of involuntary part-time and low-wage employment exceeding rates for the labor force as a whole. Association models reveal wideranging differences in patterns of mobility and immobility across labor force positions. We find that upward transitions are largely counterbalanced by downward transitions, essentially yielding a one-to-one exchange of workers between specific pairs of labor force states. The analysis also indicates similarity across sex and race groups in patterns of mobility and only small differences in immobility. Mobility and immobility largely serve to reproduce from year-to-year existing sex and race inequalities in the labor force.     

The International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and structural adjustment: A cross-national analysis of forest loss

We test competing hypotheses drawn from neo-liberal economic theory and dependency theory regarding the effects of International Monetary Fund and World Bank structural adjustment on deforestation. In doing so, we analyze cross-national data for a sample of sixty low and middle income nations from 1990 to 2005. We find substantial support for dependency theory that both International Monetary Fund and World Bank structural adjustment lending are associated with higher rates of forest loss. We also find that a number of factors linked to other theoretical perspectives help to explain deforestation. These include non-governmental organizations, gross domestic product per capita, economic growth, primary sector economic activity, democracy, total population growth, non-dependent population growth, rural population growth, urban population growth, tropical climate, and natural forest stocks. We conclude with a discussion of the findings, theoretical implications, methodological implications, policy implications, and possible directions for future research.     

Enduring an Economic Crisis: The Effect of Macroeconomic Shocks on Intragenerational Mobility in Japan

After the burst of its "bubble" economy in 1989, Japan experienced an astonishingly long economic recession whose gravity surpassed any seen in the industrialized world since the 1930s. While this recession is likely to have important consequences on the well-known workplace arrangements and career mobility patterns in that country, systematic analyses of such consequences are nearly absent. This study examines changes in the rates and directions of job mobility in Japan using work history data collected in 2005 from a nationally representative sample of men and women. I find evidence that Japanese firms have largely retained the core elements of the permanent employment system. The norm that stresses men's loyalty to their employers, however, appears to have weakened, resulting in higher voluntary job turnover among male workers. In addition, the gender gap in lifetime mobility processes has narrowed, but not because Japanese women have gained opportunities in the workplace. Rather, economic stagnation has led to greater fluctuations in employment and wages over men's life course, thereby closing the gender gap. Beyond illustrating the changing stratification process in Japan, the findings have general implications for understanding how economic crises impact employment relations, institutional transformations, and social change in advanced industrialized countries.     

经济发展阶段与国际资本流入方式选择及效应:东亚与拉美的经验

国际资本流入有助于一国的经济增长。但国际资本流入的经济增长效应不会自动产生,它需要东道国具备相应的对国际资本吸收、消化和利用的能力。而这种能力通常会受经济发展阶段要素禀赋结构、阶段任务和发展目标的制约。随着经济发展阶段的变迁,利用国际资本的方式和效应也要发生动态改变。东亚和拉美的一些国家为此积累了宝贵的经验和教训。     

The optimism trap: Migrants’ educational choices in stratified education systems

Immigrant children's ambitious educational choices have often been linked to their families' high level of optimism and motivation for upward mobility. However, previous research has mostly neglected alternative explanations such as information asymmetries or anticipated discrimination. Moreover, immigrant children's higher dropout rates at the higher secondary and university level suggest that low performing migrant students could have benefitted more from pursuing less ambitious tracks, especially in countries that offer viable vocational alternatives. We examine ethnic minority's educational choices using a sample of academically low performing, lower secondary school students in Germany's highly stratified education system. We find that their families' optimism diverts migrant students from viable vocational alternatives. Information asymmetries and anticipated discrimination do not explain their high educational ambitions. While our findings further support the immigrant optimism hypothesis, we discuss how its effect may have different implications depending on the education system.     

东亚地区经济内部化及产业分工体系研究

强化专业化分工、提高内部经济依存度是东亚经济体提升国际竞争力和经济增长稳定性的重要基础。通过分析东亚地区生产和消费过程的内部化程度以及产业分工模式可以得出结论(1)在东亚地区,具有国际竞争力的产品大都在区域内有明显的垂直分工;(2)东亚地区的内部最终消费比率较低,即最终消费品的内部市场依存度仍远未达到能有效降低外部冲击的水平。因此,加速一体化的推进对于东亚经济具有重要的意义。     

Getting support in polarized societies: Income,social networks,and socioeconomic context

This paper explores how unequal resources and social and economic polarization affects the size of social networks and their use to access resources. We argue that individual resource position generates divergent expectations with regard to the impact of polarization on the size of networks on one hand, and their usefulness for accessing resources on the other. Social and economic polarization encourages reliance on informal networks, but those at the bottom of the social structure are forced to rely on more extensive networks than the wealthy to compensate for their isolated and underprivileged position. At the same time, social and economic polarization limits the resources the poor can access through their networks. We provide evidence consistent with these propositions, based on data derived from the International Social Survey Programme 2001 “Social Networks” dataset combined with contextual information on the levels of economic inequality in particular countries along with whether they experienced postcommunism.     

Neighborhoods, employment, and welfare use: Assessing the influence of neighborhood socioeconomic composition

We draw upon data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study to examine the effect of neighborhood socioeconomic composition on two key economic outcomes, and in doing so to test the validity of the index of concentration at the extremes (ICE) as a measure of neighborhood circumstances. Methodologically, we find that the index succinctly captures economic variation within neighborhoods in a way that avoids problems of colinearity that have characterized prior studies. Neighborhoods can be characterized as falling on a continuum ranging from concentrated disadvantage to concentrated advantage; the ICE measure does a good job capturing this variation and differentiating the neighborhood circumstances experienced by different groups. Substantively, we show that neighborhood economic circumstances are related to new mothers’ welfare use and employment, above and beyond their individual socioeconomic characteristics.     

区域经济一体化与国际法上国家主权

区域经济一体化是当今国际经济关系中一股不可抗拒的潮流。它的形成与发展促进了世界经济与贸易的迅速增长,也对国际法上国家主权提出了挑战。区域经济一体化一方面使国家主权的行使受到某些方面的限制,另一方面又为国家主权向外延伸提供了条件和空间,因此,区域经济一体化并没有改变国家的最后决定权,仅仅是使国家主权的行使方式发生了变化。区域经济一体化的过程实际上是将分散、个体的国家主权组合和提升为统一、集体的主权的过程,是国家通过限制暂时、局部的权利,获得长远、全局利益的过程。     

Maternal migration and child health: An analysis of disruption and adaptation processes in Benin

Children of migrant mothers have lower vaccination rates compared to their peers with non-migrant mothers in low-income countries. Explanations for this finding are typically grounded in the disruption and adaptation perspectives of migration. Researchers argue that migration is a disruptive process that interferes with women’s economic well-being and social networks, and ultimately their health-seeking behaviors. With time, however, migrant women adapt to their new settings, and their health behaviors improve. Despite prominence in the literature, no research tests the salience of these perspectives to the relationship between maternal migration and child vaccination. We innovatively leverage Demographic and Health Survey data to test the extent to which disruption and adaptation processes underlie the relationship between maternal migration and child vaccination in the context of Benin—a West African country where migration is common and child vaccination rates have declined in recent years. By disaggregating children of migrants according to whether they were born before or after their mother’s migration, we confirm that migration does not lower children’s vaccination rates in Benin. In fact, children born after migration enjoy a higher likelihood of vaccination, whereas their peers born in the community from which their mother eventually migrates are less likely to be vaccinated. Although we find no support for the disruption perspective of migration, we do find evidence of adaptation: children born after migration have an increased likelihood of vaccination the longer their mother resides in the destination community prior to their birth.     

后危机时期我国对外贸易发展方向的转变

危机后世界经济的恢复性增长时期恰逢我国"十二五"规划实施期,我国对外贸易面临着国内外的新形势,国际上既有贸易保护主义的阻碍,又有新一轮承接产业转移的机遇,国内经济发展方式的转变也对外贸提出了新的要求.为了实现对外贸易的协调和持续发展,必须实现一系列的转变:由注重出口规模增长转向进出口并重;由以发达国家为主要贸易对象转向...     

论法律英语的文体特征

法律英语是法律语言中的一种,是普通法系国家在立法、司法和执法中所使用的一种英语文体,在世界各国广泛使用。因此,若想在国际经济活动中立于不败之地,我们就有必要了解法律英语。本文将就法律英语的文体特征进行简要的论述,希望为广大法律工作者、法律英语爱好者在工作和实际生活中使用法律英语提供帮助。     

金融全球化对国际关系的影响

金融全球化是经济全球化的重要组成部分。金融全球化在对当代世界经济和金融产生重大影响的同时 ,也对国际关系影响深远。表现为 :增强了美国的金融霸权地位 ,削弱金融弱国的国际地位 ;加剧各国或经济体及全球经济金融发展的不稳定性 ;有可能使业已严重的南北差距进一步扩大     

近代早期中英海外贸易市场体系发育之比较

近代早期中英两国的海外贸易市场体系皆经历了蜕变与重建的过程。中国由朝贡贸易转向民间海外贸易，英国则由商站贸易转向特许贸易。世界商品市场开始孕育成长，世界格局进入转换和重组的关键时期。海外贸易市场体系的发育，对两国国内社会经济发展和国际地位的变化都产生了深远的影响。     

Ability and mobility: The relative influence of skills and social origin on social mobility

The recent PIACC data offer us the first ever opportunity to identify the relative salience of abilities versus social origin in comparative social mobility research. Sampling 21 countries, we identify the degree of meritocratic selection by estimating the relative influence of social origin versus individual cognitive and social skills. We pay particular attention to the possibility of skills combinations as regards both upward and downward mobility. Social skills may compensate for weak cognitive abilities, or vice-versa; and what are the added effects of commanding strong skills on both counts? This is, as far as we know, the first time that comparative mobility research has examined such skills-complementarities. As in previous research we, too, uncover a significantly more egalitarian mobility pattern in the Nordic countries. This however obtains also for Canada and the Netherlands. A unique feature of Scandinavia is its asymmetric profile: significant upward mobility for those of low social origin, but surprisingly little downward mobility among those of privileged origins. Contrary to expectations, this cannot be ascribed to skills compensation. We find, however, that social skills play an important role for upward mobility among low-SES sons.