从自利假设到社会财富的增加

如果经济学理论当中存在公理的话 ,当首推斯密的“经济人”假设 ,即自利假设。经济科学发展到今天 ,仍然没有能够抛弃自利的假定 ;经济实践的发展过程中 ,自利假定不仅引发了对财富变化的思考 ,而且对产权制度的安排亦颇多启发。当基于自利的财富变化不能朝着有利的方向发展时 ,制度的革新就成为必然     

Student misbehavior during senior year: A comparison of immigrants and the native-born

Prior research has increasingly shown that the length of time in the U.S. and acculturation may have negative effects on a variety of immigrant outcomes, including academic performance, health, and occupational attainment. However, much of the research on the educational outcomes of immigrants focuses primarily on their academic achievement but neglects another factor that affects educational success—behavior at school. Using data from a sample of high school seniors in several Pacific Northwest school districts, I examine whether more time in the U.S. increases school misbehavior by testing the effects of immigrant generation and indicators of acculturation on three measures of disciplinary problems during the senior year of high school—attending class unprepared, getting in trouble for breaking school rules, and being put on suspension. First and one-point-five generation immigrants attend class more prepared and get into less trouble for breaking the school rules than do third or higher generation students during their senior year of high school. High academic performance and indicators of acculturation explain only part of this beneficial effect of immigrant generation on behavior at school. Additional analyses show that second generation Asian immigrants are more similar to first and 1.5 generation immigrants from all racial and ethnic groups than they are from other second generation racial and ethnic groups in regards to moderate and intermediate behavior.     

English,Spanish and ethno-racial receptivity in a new destination: A case study of Dominican immigrants in Reading,PA

Scant information is available on experiences with language among immigrant populations in new destinations. This study provides a multi-dimensional portrait of the linguistic incorporation of Dominican immigrants in the “majority–minority” city of Reading, Pennsylvania. The results show that daily life for most largely occurs in a Spanish-language milieu, but English proficiency and use in social networks is primarily a function of exposure to the United States. This is consistent with the standard narrative of assimilation models. At the same time, negative experiences with the use of both English and Spanish suggest that the linguistic context of reception is inhospitable for a substantial share of this population. Negative experiences with English are particularly likely to be mentioned by those with dark skin and greater cumulative exposure. Lastly, language plays an important role in experiences with ethno-racial enmity more broadly. Nonetheless, the persistent effect of skin tone indicates that such experiences are not reducible to language per se.     

未成年人网络欺凌的法律规制——以美国为研究视角

未成年人网络欺凌的危害性远远大于传统的校园欺凌.美国通过法律规制网络欺凌行为,对网络欺凌进行界定,并对网络欺凌施害者、学校和网络服务提供商的相应责任进行规制.受害者可以通过诽谤诉讼、故意致人伤害的侵权诉讼和反骚扰诉讼等方式得到法律救济,学校在网络欺凌中承担教育、管理和防范的责任,网络服务提供商对网络言论免责,但应承担"通知-移除"责任.     

The bright side of migration: Hedonic,psychological, and social well-being in immigrants in Spain

The aim of this study was to examine the multi-dimensional structure of well-being in immigrant population, as well as to explore the complexity of well-being disparities between immigrants and host nationals. We analyzed hedonic, psychological, and social well-being in a sample of 1250 immigrants from Bolivia, Colombia, Morocco, Romania and Sub-Saharan Africa, together with that of 500 matched host nationals from Spain. Participants were selected by means of probability sampling with stratification by age and sex. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the re-specified tripartite model of well-being, including hedonic, psychological, and social components of the individual’s functioning, was the best fitting model, as compared to alternative models. Importantly, after adjustment for perceived friendship and support, marital status, income, sex and age, immigrants presented higher levels of well-being than host nationals. Compared to host nationals, immigrants reported especially higher eudaimonic well-being: social contribution and actualization, personal growth, self-acceptance, and purpose in life, and lower levels of well-being only in terms of positive relations with others and negative affect. These results are discussed in the context of positive psychology.     

Occupational stratification,job-mismatches,and child poverty: Understanding the disadvantage of Black immigrants in the US

This study examines the implications of occupational stratification and job mismatches for the welfare of children, using data from the 2005–2009 American Community Survey. The results show that Black children of immigrants have household heads that are more likely to have occupations with low SEI scores than children in US-born households. More importantly, they demonstrate that intersections between parental job-mismatches and employment in the bottom rather than upper levels of the occupational distribution have important implications for understanding poverty differences among children. Job mismatches within occupations with low SEI scores are associated with greater poverty risks among Black than White, Asian, or Hispanic children of immigrants. However, racial poverty disparities are considerably lower among children with household heads in the highest occupational strata.     

论联合国创立初期美苏英之间的分歧与协调

第二次世界大战孕育并成就了联合国这一战后最大、最有影响的政府间国际组织。本文通过论述和分析联合国成立过程中大国间分歧和矛盾的产生、发展以及最终的协调一致,试图找寻隐藏在这些分歧协调背后的深层原因。联合国创建过程中的矛盾和分歧以及最终的协调一致,也使联合国为战后世界提供了一个解决分歧的机制和场所,从而得以实现联合国维护世界和平的宗旨和原则。     

Long and happy living: Trends and patterns of happy life expectancy in the U.S., 1970–2000

This study assesses the trends and differentials in length of quality life in the U.S. population as measured by happy life expectancy in 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000. The analysis combines age-specific prevalence rates of subjective well-being from a large nationally representative survey and life table estimates of mortality in decennial Census years. Employing the period prevalence-rate life table method—Sullivan method, the analysis finds evidence for improvement in quality of life in the U.S. Happy life expectancy largely increased in both absolute terms (number of years) and relative terms (proportion of life) over time at all adult ages examined. And increases in total life expectancy were mainly contributed by increases in expectancy in happy years rather than unhappy years. Happy life expectancy is longer than active life expectancy. And there has been greater compression of unhappiness than compression of morbidity. There are substantial differentials in happy life expectancy by sex and race because of differential prevalence rates of happiness. Women and whites had longer years of total and happy life expectancies at most ages and dates, while men and blacks had greater proportions of happy life expectancies across the three decades. Although race differentials generally decreased at older ages and with time, relative disadvantages of blacks persisted.     

美国利益集团政治评析

美国利益集团政治源于社会利益间的冲突 ,它的发展与美国的宪政体系、多元文化和美国人的集团倾向相关联。美国利益集团政治的发展有利于美国公众对政府决策过程的参与 ,有利于保持美国社会政治的稳定。但也在一定程度上滋生了政治腐化 ,出现阻塞政治过程 ,妨碍公共利益和国家整体利益的趋势。有关美国利益集团政治的改革一直在进行 ,但诸种利益的干扰和美国关于权利保护的宪法原则使此类改革难以取得明显成效     

联合国与美国关系展望

伊拉克战争后 ,美国单边主义对联合国集体安全机制造成重大破坏 ,联合国前景不妙。但是美国今后毕竟无法绕开联合国。联合国也必须通过精简机构和人员 ,厉行节约、发挥自身“软制衡”作用 ,吸收更多非政府组织 ,形成“全球治理” ,以及推进安理会改革等措施努力减轻来自美国的束缚 ,进而对其产生强有力的制约作用     

美国的亚太再平衡战略和中美关系

美国经历了9·11恐怖事件和2008年的金融危机,而走向相对衰退的道路。相形之下,中国急剧成为亚洲地区的经济、军事大国,通过在东亚地区推行地区主义,深化南中国海领有权等措施来扩大影响力。这种局势导致了美国的亚太再平衡战略,从中长期来看,这很可能构成中美关系的矛盾因素,而中美关系的变化导致东北亚安全不稳定。解决途径是美国自己对亚太再均衡政策尽快予以重新平衡。该方向应该是与中国进行合作或妥协,而对日本右翼群体划出分明的界限。这种措施同时为积极推行旨在和平解决核问题等韩半岛相关事宜,而不可或缺的,也是美国和亚洲能够共同繁荣的途径。     

论大都市区与美国经济增长

大都市区是现代美国经济活动的主要场所。人口和企业在大都市区的集中,使新工业更易产生,知识的传播速度加快,从而刺激了科技变革,增加了产量。大都市区比非大都市区有着更加广大的市场,更加专业化的劳动力和更加广泛和便利的交通、通讯设施。这些优势使大都市区成为美国经济增长的发动机。     

美国政府绩效评估研究的回顾与评析

政府绩效评估是公共管理的重点问题,受到了西方国家的广泛关注。经过多年实践,美国等发达国家在提高公共部门服务质量和公众信任度方面取得了一定的成效。本文回顾了美国政府绩效评估的发展,深入分析了取得的成果及存在的问题,对未来的研究进行了展望,以期对我国政府绩效评估的理论和实践提供一定的参考。     

Racial identity and the quality of life among blacks and whites in the U.S.

Social identity theory and research on mental health among racial minority groups suggest that a stronger, more positive racial identity will be related to a higher subjective quality of life. We investigate how ingroup closeness, ingroup evaluation, and ingroup bias are associated with happiness, positive affect about life, and generalized trust for blacks and whites, using partial proportional odds models. Data came from the 1996–2014 General Social Surveys (N = 6553). Ingroup closeness and more favorable ingroup evaluation had mostly positive associations with the quality of life dimensions. Contrary to what social identity theory would predict, ingroup bias was either unrelated or negatively related to them. Racial identity functions somewhat differently for blacks and whites. Ingroup evaluation and ingroup bias were related to greater positive affect about life for blacks but lower positive affect about life for whites.     

Specialization and happiness in marriage: A U.S.–Japan comparison

This paper examines the relationship between specialization and happiness in marriage in the U.S. and Japan. Our findings, based on the General Social Surveys in the U.S. and Japan, indicate both similarities and differences in the determinants of marital happiness in the two countries. In the U.S., the findings are mixed. Women’s reported marital happiness in the U.S. is more likely to follow the predictions of the bargaining model where their happiness is determined by their own income. Men’s marital happiness in the U.S. follows the predictions of the specialization model; they are happier if their wives are not working or, alternatively, if they are financially dependent on their wives. In Japan, we find support for the specialization model, particularly in the case of women; they are happier if they are specialized in the household and they have a higher household income. Our research highlights how marital quality is affected by the institutional context and the normative environment.     

Material hardship and 529 college savings plan participation: The mitigating effects of Child Development Accounts

Experience of material hardship can adversely affect a family’s ability to make long-term investments in children’s development. We examine whether material hardship is associated with one indicator of such investments: participation in a tax-advantaged college savings plan (529 plan). Data for this study come from the SEED for Oklahoma Kids (SEED OK) experiment, an intervention that offers Child Development Accounts with financial incentives to encourage the accumulation of college savings for children from the time of their birth. Results show that material hardship is negatively associated with 529-plan participation, and this association varies by treatment status. At all levels of material hardship, treatment-group mothers are more likely to hold accounts than control-group mothers. These findings suggest that CDAs can be a useful policy tool to support families’ financial preparation for college.     

比较中美教育管理 强化校长自主办学

本文作者１９９７ 年在美国进行了为期三周的学习培训和实地访问考察,比较了中美两国对基础教育管理的异同。并受美国契约学校建立的启迪,提出可为我国基础教育借鉴的问题：把学校的所有权与办学权分离,在国家统一的政策法规指导下,强化校长自主办学     

美国遏制战略与冷战研究

自上世纪中叶以来,美国针对外来威胁的战略选择集中表现为遏制,从而构建、推进了国际关系的冷战状态。大国的国家安全战略选择与冷战状态的起源和延伸存在关联。冷战作为一种国际关系状态生存的动因研究可从四项议题展开,美国国家安全战略的制定具有六个基本特征,美国遏制战略的多元内涵具有五种选择。依据国内外冷战国际关系研究的成果,可以认为,冷战有可能正在从国际关系的例外转成常态。     

美帝国主义的统治史和衰落史

随着世界多极化的发展,美帝国主义在全球的霸权统治正受到挑战,但他仍然借助其军事、经济和政治上的优势试图统摄全球,建立起新的国际秩序.以美国为首的西方殖民列强剥削、掠夺着亚非拉地区,但他们内部又因分赃不均而时常爆发冲突.在美国垄断统治的重压下,国际资本主义规则和美元被赋予了绝对权力,推动了美国经济的发展,并加剧了美国的全球垄断.基于此,一些人提出了跨国资产阶级理论,但其实质与"超帝国主义"理论如出一辙,是为帝国主义服务的.工人运动、社会革命和民族解放战争对帝国主义的全球统治造成了威胁,亚非地区人民的反封建反殖民斗争冲击着帝国主义特权.多极化世界的加速崛起以及围绕新兴经济的国际合作的加强,必然会瓦解美帝国主义对世界经济的垄断,从而使其霸权统治走向衰落.     

发展服务业在促就业和调结构中的关键作用——基于美国产品生产与服务两大部门的比较研究

本文考察了美国20世纪六七十年代至今产品生产和服务两大部门产出和就业的变迁。研究结果表明,半个世纪以来,美国就业增长与产业结构的调整呈现出很好的协调性,就业增长主要来自于服务业的发展,产品生产部门虽然创造的GDP持续增长,但吸纳的就业量从70年代末开始呈现出缓慢下降趋势。对产品生产部门内部的进一步分析显示,制造业就业人数1979年达到顶峰后开始萎缩,而建筑业半个世纪来的持续增长成为该部门吸纳就业的主力军。对服务业内部的进一步分析显示,贸易、运输、公共事业提供的就业岗位最多但所占比重有所下降,近20年就业增长最快的是教育、医疗卫生和专业技术及商务服务,金融业创造GDP增长最快但吸纳就业增长有限。文章最后给出了以繁荣服务业为促就业和调结构并行实现的基本途径、有序放开现代服务业市场准入管制、发掘社区服务产业就业创造潜力以及加强职业培训和教育改革促进人力资源市场供需协调四个方面的政策建议。