劳动力市场分割、培训机会获取与新生代农民工培训收益率差异

新生代农民工就业能力的高低关系到国家经济转型和产业结构升级,通过职业技能培训对提高其就业能力具有重要和深远意义。本文根据调查样本数据,建立Logistic和Stepwise回归模型,在劳动力市场分割视角下分析新生代农民工职业培训选择影响因素并对培训收益率进行研究,发现职业培训对低学历者存在"挤出效应",劳动力市场分割对农民工的培训机会和培训收益方面存在显著影响;与学校教育相比,职业技能培训对新生代农民工收入增长作用仍待进一步提高。据分析,政府必须统筹规划不同劳动力市场的职业技能培训资源,优化配置培训资源;同时,为提高职业培训的效率和效益,必须对免费培训选择性的"提档升级",努力规避培训对低学历的"挤出效应"。     

政府主导下的土地流转与产业发展及就业的关联机制——天津近郊地区农村集体建设用地流转实践与启示

天津近郊的小城镇建设过程中,农村集体建设用地流转虽然是在政府主导下进行的,但当地自身经济发展水平和农民生活方式的改变是政府推动土地流转的基础和前提；政府则通过对土地的整合及重新规划,推动了当地的产业结构调整和产业水平提升,也加快了农民身份的转变,并为失地农民提供了相应的就业机会和社会保障.农村集体土地的流转是地区产业结构升级和农民就业转型的需要,而政府主导的土地流转可以更好地促进当地产业结构的演化升级和农民的就业转型.     

新时期“民工荒”问题研究

＂民工荒＂是指人力资源市场出现的农民工短缺的现象。＂民工荒＂既是我国经济升级转型的必然反应,也是我国劳动用工体制改革滞后的应付代价,其本质原因是＂权利荒＂,重要原因是＂结构荒＂。＂民工荒＂问题的破解必然受中国＂语境＂的影响,＂民工荒＂问题在改革发展中形成,也应当在改革发展中解决。基本进路首在于继续扩大用工需求,坚持扩大农村劳动力转移战略;次在于依法保障农民工合法权益,弥补其＂权利亏损＂;同时着力解决＂结构性＂矛盾,主要是提升农民工可就业能力,构建有助于农民工自由流动的城乡统一人力资源市场。＂民工荒＂问题的解决还必须把握好改革的力度、向度和进度,建立一种兼顾理论与实践、变通传统与未来的中庸方略值得赞许。     

我国农民工就业歧视:现状、原因及政策建议

就业是民生之本。农民工问题的核心是农民工就业问题,农民工就业问题的实质是就业歧视。消除就业歧视、实现平等就业是"推动实现更高质量就业"的题中应有之义。进入21世纪以来,我国农民工政策已经趋向相对公平,但是农民工就业歧视问题至今依然没有得到有效解决。我国农民工在就业准入、从事行业、劳动工资、居住条件、工作环境、工作时间、社会保障和职业发展方面遭遇到了歧视性对待。农民工就业歧视产生的原因主要在用人单位、政府和社会三个方面。要消除农民工就业歧视,用人单位必须转变对农民工的歧视观念,规范劳动用工管理制度。政府需要建立健全农民工信息服务平台,完善农民工就业服务体系;加强劳动保障监察,发挥企业工会职能;建立和完善相关法律法规,加大行政执法力度;逐步改革户籍制度,健全社会保障制度。社会各界共同努力,逐步消除社会歧视。     

Measuring short-term labor force mobility with the Labor Utilization Framework

Continuing employment growth and declining unemployment rates in the U.S. labor force since 1982 have raised new questions about employment quality and shifts between adequate and marginal employment. In this paper, we use an individual-matched file from the 1986 and 1987 March annual demographic supplements of the Current Population Survey to examine 1-year transitions between labor force states measured with the Labor Utilization Framework (LUF). Short-term shifts between nonparticipation, unemployment, underemployment, and adequate employment—as conceived in the LUF—are characterized here for the first time. Our results suggest that the majority of recent job takers found adequate employment, but that new labor force entrants and the previously unemployed nevertheless experienced rates of involuntary part-time and low-wage employment exceeding rates for the labor force as a whole. Association models reveal wideranging differences in patterns of mobility and immobility across labor force positions. We find that upward transitions are largely counterbalanced by downward transitions, essentially yielding a one-to-one exchange of workers between specific pairs of labor force states. The analysis also indicates similarity across sex and race groups in patterns of mobility and only small differences in immobility. Mobility and immobility largely serve to reproduce from year-to-year existing sex and race inequalities in the labor force.     

企业"二元结构"的成因、危害与根治

企业"二元结构",是指在同一企业或单位内存在着两种截然不同的用工制度和劳动制度,从劳动者、劳动岗位、劳动条件、劳动报酬和劳动保障等,分别在两条不同的轨道上运行.形成企业"二元结构"的原因主要有用工和劳动制度改革中的歧区,农村剩余劳动力的大量涌流和企业既得利益团体的形成.应从尊重农民工的合法权利、严格按"劳动法"办事等方面来进行根治.     

四川省的就业问题与人力资源开发

四川省人力资源就业存在一系列问题,包括:劳动力供给旺盛而需求不足,造成部分劳动力未能利用;而除去总量压力,由于劳动者技能、知识结构与市场的需求结构不相符,以及劳动力市场本身的效率欠佳,造成相当部分的劳动力和工作岗位同时闲置;另外,由于一些微观用人机制和宏观的制度安排等问题,造成了劳动力利用不充分的状况。本文从劳动力供给调整、需求调整和改善制度环境三方面提出了一系列旨在解决这些问题的人力资源开发政策。     

Racial discrimination and the social organization of industries

This study investigates the relationship between several factors of the social organization of labor markets and racial discrimination during the late 1960s. Log-linear models are used to obtain indicators of the relative opportunities of black and white men to obtain different occupations across each of 38 industrial segments. We then examine the nature of the relationship between these indicators of discrimination and a number of aspects of industries suggested to be important by various theories of discrimination. The results indicate that relative black opportunities were favorably influenced by government employment, industrial and white collar (but not craft) unionization, and product market power, and they were adversely influenced by profitability and customer preferences for nonretail sales workers. Of particular interest is the finding that, contrary to the hypothesis derived from neoclassical economics, market power had a positive effect on black opportunities.     

我国城镇劳动力配置二元结构及其转换

本文提出我国城镇劳动力配置的二元结构表现在就业体制二元性,工资收入调节双轨运行,城乡劳动就业区别和户籍壁垒三大方而.认为其主要原因是国企改革与劳动力退出障碍互为因果,体制内就业者的既得利益刚性,社会保障制度改革滞后和劳动力供求严重失衡.在此基础上对转换二元结构的目标、途径、过程、模式选样作出论证,最后从促进企业家市场和工资市场化,实施再就业工程,完善社会保险制度,缩小劳动力供求差距和改革户籍制度等五方面提出相应对策.     

当代中国劳动力价值增值方式探析

劳动力价值增值是经济社会发展的客观必然,是劳动者需求增加的现实要求,也是劳动力价值自身属性的具体体现。因此在当代中国探索劳动力价值的增值方式具有重要意义。通过加强对劳动者的教育培训,保障劳动者的就业机会,提升劳动者社会保障的水平,能够直接或者间接地实现劳动力价值的增值。同时,从政府层面、法律层面以及组织层面为劳动力价值的增值方式提供保障。     

新生代农民工“民工荒”视阈下的河北省中小企业用工策略

中小企业在促进经济社会发展中起着举足轻重的作用,已成为经济发展的大趋势.但近些年来却出现了新生代农民工“民工荒”现象,这在一定程度上制约了中小企业的发展.系统梳理了国内外关于新生代农民工“民工荒”以及中小企业用工策略的研究综述,阐述了河北省新生代农民工“民工荒”的现状,深入探讨了新生代农民工“民工荒”对河北省中小企业用工的影响,对河北省中小企业用工策略进行了实证研究,并提出了新生代农民工“民工荒”视阈下的河北省中小企业用工策略的路径选择.     

How much longer would men work if there were no employment dislocation? Estimates from cause-elimination work life tables

The impact of labor demand on the decline in labor force participation of older males too young to qualify for Social Security is often acknowledged but seldom measured or incorporated into models of retirement. Using data from Current Population Survey March Demographic files and the periodic employment dislocation supplements, a series of cause-eliminated increment–decrement work life tables captures the impact of employment dislocation and early (before age 65) pension receipt on the employment of older males in a simple overall summary measure: expected work life. Employment dislocation and being offered an early pension are two of the most obvious manifestations of shifts in labor demand that can affect the labor force withdrawal of older males. Consistent with earlier research, I find early pension receipt to be an important factor in early labor force withdrawal but, in addition, employment dislocation has a sizeable direct impact on labor force participation. The findings suggest that employment dislocation and other, yet unmeasured, labor demand factors need to be incorporated into models of retirement.     

影响农科研究生就业的因素分析和对策

随着农科研究生就业人数的增加,农科研究生就业形势越来越严峻.分析某重点大学农科研究生就业特点和状况可见,由于产业结构的因素、农科研究生本身素质和知识结构的不完善、研究生就业期望仍然偏高、劳动力市场不规范、信息不对称、寻职成本过高、研究生培养机制不合理,以及就业指导老师队伍不稳定和职业生涯规划教育不贴近学生等原因,农科研究生就业难的问题需要高度重视.破解农科研究生就业难的难题要有战略眼光,要对症下药才能逐步解决.     

金融危机后农民工就业创新性研究

美国金融危机的全球性蔓延使中国直面经济体制改革中诸多的深层难题。农民工群体在金融危机前表现出的脆弱和无力再度抓住人们的眼球。农民工就业的非正规性导致了制度缺位、越位、虚位问题,且无统一明确的制度框架进行规范和引导。从金融危机前后就业现状入手挖掘制度根源——激励机制不完善,主要表现为方向偏差和力度不足引起的劳动力结构和产业分布失衡,创新性地提出经济体制改革中伪态制度回归的概念。针对农民工现行就业的完善提出了以激励原则为核心,建立有效的统筹规划机制的理论,对我国如何完善和创新就业制度提出见解。     

论经济增长的驱动因素:劳动生产效率与产业结构——以江苏省为例

本文利用LMDI指数分解方法建立了人均增长率测算模型。该模型可以分析产业GDP结构、产业劳动力结构、产业全员劳动生产效率以及劳动力占总人口比重等因素对人均GDP增长率的影响。江苏省人均GDP增长率的实证分析,表明产业全员劳动生产率和产业结构是该省2010年实现人均GDP增长率200%的主要影响因素。     

我国经济增长与就业增长的关系

加快经济增长是实现有效就业持续增加的关键,经济增长与就业增长的关系极为重要,衡量这种关系最常用的指标是经济增长的就业弹性系数。从经济增长的理论出发,分析我国经济增长与劳动就业互动模式,并提出解决我国就业增长的途径。     

Do less-skilled immigrants work more? Examining the work time of Mexican immigrant men in the United States

Using data from the US Current Population Surveys 2006-2008, I examine the weekly work hours of Mexican immigrants. Mexican immigrant workers on average work 2-4 h less than non-Hispanic whites per week, which contradicts the popular portrait of long immigrant work hours. Four mechanisms to explain this gap are proposed and examined. Results show that the work time disparity between non-Hispanic white and Mexican immigrant workers is explained by differences in human capital, ethnic concentration in the labor market, and selection process into employment. English proficiency has limited effect on work time after location in labor market is specified, while the effect of citizenship status remains robust.     

产业结构调整背景下河北省高等院校人才培养与产业需求对接拟合研究

高校人才培养对河北省产业结构进行供给侧结构性调整至关重要。将高校人才培养结构与产业需求结构对接起来,以实现培养的人才满足人才市场的结构需求。文章对河北省人才培养和产业需求拟合及偏离情况进行基本分析,结果显示：七大产业毕业生人才供不应求、三大部门高校毕业生人才供过于求、卫生部门和农业部门人才供求基本拟合对接。并提出了河北省优化调整高校专业结构的路径选择。     

Explaining the Muslim employment gap in Western Europe: Individual-level effects and ethno-religious penalties

It is well-documented that Muslims experience economic disadvantages in Western European labor markets. However, few studies comprehensively test individual-level explanations for the Muslim employment gap. Using data from the European Social Survey, this research note briefly examines the role of individual-level differences between Muslims and non-Muslims in mediating employment differences. Results reveal that human capital, migration background, religiosity, cultural values, and perceptions of discrimination jointly account for about 40% of the employment variance between Muslims and non-Muslims. Model specifications for first- and second-generation Muslim immigrants reveal a similar pattern, with migration background and perceived discrimination being of key relevance in mediating employment difference. While individual-level effects are indeed relevant, unexplained variance suggests that symbolic boundaries against Islam may still translate into tangible ethno-religious penalties.