我国二元经济转化的理论与模式——一个有别于西方古典经济论的二元经济结构转化模型

2004年春天,在我国农村还存在无限供给农业劳动力的条件下,出现“民工荒”的主要原因之一是吸纳农业劳动力的非农产业部门支付民工的工资偏低,这使西方古典和新古典二元经济学家的二元经济结构转化模型已不适应我国国情。我们由此建立的非完全古典假设下的二元经济结构转化模型认为,利用工资的激励职能,即通过提高工资可实现工资与利润的共同增长,从而保证农业劳动力转移的可持续进行,直到我国完成二元经济结构转化、实现农村工业化与城市化。     

Compensating differentials, labor market segmentation, and wage inequality

Two literatures on work and the labor market draw attention to the importance of non-pecuniary job amenities. Social psychological perspectives on work suggest that workers have preferences for a range of job amenities (e.g. Halaby, 2003). The compensating differentials hypothesis predicts that workers navigate tradeoffs among different job amenities such that wage inequality overstates inequality in utility (Smith, 1979). This paper joins these perspectives by constructing a new measure of labor market success that evaluates the degree to which workers’ job amenity preferences and outcomes match. This measure of subjective success is used to predict workers’ job satisfaction and to test the hypothesis that some degree of labor force inequality in wages is due to preference-based tradeoffs among all job amenities. Findings demonstrate that the new measure predicts workers’ job satisfaction and provides evidence for the presence of compensating differentials in the primary and intermediate, but not secondary, labor markets.     

Declining inter-industry wage dispersion in the US

Industrial effects have long been significant factors in wage inequality. Previous research indicates that wage differentials across industries were increasing through the mid 1980s. Using more recent data, however, we find that the level of inter-industry wage dispersion declined by 36% from 1986 to 2002 despite the continued trend towards increasing inequality in the labor force. This decline in inter-industry wage dispersion is evident across gender and educational groups. Using multilevel growth curve models, our multivariate results indicate that the decline is only weakly related to industrial changes in education, occupation or even productivity despite the fact that the latter variable had been a critical factor in the prior period. Indicators of globalization and downsizing also do not appear to explain this decline. For the more recent period, the most important factors associated with the narrowing of inter-industry wage dispersion are reduced unionization rates and the higher proportion of casual workers. We interpret these results as suggesting that firms may now be less economically obliged to pass on a portion of their rents to broad groups of workers and may instead be engaged in more idiosyncratic processes of negotiation with individual workers based on micro-level sources of bargaining power.     

Gender differences in the impact of job mobility on earnings: The role of occupational segregation

In recent years, researchers have begun to explore the extent to which the impact of switching firms (inter-firm mobility) on wages varies between men and women. Using data from the NLSY79 from 1979 to 2012, this paper extends existing research by exploring how occupational segregation and individual level factors contribute to gender differences in the impact of voluntary inter-firm mobility on wages. The paper also examines how patterns vary depending on education level. Findings suggest that men without a college education receive greater wage gains from voluntary inter-firm mobility than similarly educated women although there is no overall gender difference for individuals with a bachelor's degree. The wage returns to voluntary inter-firm mobility for both men and women increase as a function of the male representation in the occupation. For individuals without a college education, the male premium to voluntary inter-firm mobility is largest in highly male dominated occupations. However, women with a bachelor's degree employed in highly male dominated occupations use voluntary inter-firm mobility to narrow the gender wage gap.     

Training in two-tier labor markets: The role of job match quality

This study examines training investments in two-tier labor markets, focusing on the role of job match quality. Temporary workers are in general more likely than permanent workers to leave their employer and therefore are less likely to receive employer-funded training. However, as firms prefer to continue productive job matches, we hypothesize that the negative effect of holding a temporary contract on the probability to be trained diminishes with the quality of the job match. Using a recent longitudinal survey from the Netherlands, we find that temporary workers indeed participate less frequently in firm-sponsored training. However, this effect is fully driven by mismatches: holding a temporary contract does not significantly decrease the probability to receive training for workers in good job matches. Depending on match quality, a temporary job can either be a stepping stone or a dead-end.     

Competing for jobs: Labor queues and gender sorting in the hiring process

While much research has documented the pattern and extent of sex segregation of workers once they are employed, few studies have addressed the pre-hire mechanisms that are posited to produce sex segregation in employment. While the notion of a labor queue—the rank order of the set of people that employers choose among—plays a prominent role in pre-hire accounts of job sex sorting mechanisms, few studies have examined the ways in which job candidates are sorted into labor queues. In this paper, we explore the mechanisms by which labor queues contribute to the gendering of jobs by studying the hiring process for all jobs at a call center. Being placed in a queue has a clear gendering effect on the hiring process: the sex distribution of applicants who are matched to queues and those who are rejected at this phase diverge, and among those assigned to queues, women are prevalent in queues for low pay, low status jobs. The screening process also contributes to the gendering of the population of hires at this firm. Females are more prevalent among hires than they are among candidates at initial queue assignment. Among high status jobs, however, males are more prevalent than females. Moreover, there are important wage implications associated with matching to queues. While there are large between-queue sex differences in the paid wages associated with allocation to queues, once allocated to queues the wage differences between male and female candidates are nil. Consequently, the roots of gender wage inequality in this setting lie in the initial sorting of candidates to labor queues.     

中国农民工工资走势:1979—2010

在有关中国农民工工资的文献中,农民工工资长期走势的研究仍付之阙如。在系统收集、梳理有关数据资料的基础上,对改革开放时期中国农民工工资水平及其演变轨迹的定量估测表明:过去30余年,其名义货币工资以年均近10%的速度增长;经用消费者价格指数调整的实际工资经历了三个阶段的演变;农民工与正式职工工资的比率呈先高后低走势。     

Unions and the structure of earnings inequality: Cross-national patterns

We examine differences in the structure of earnings inequality for men in four advanced western industrialized nations that differ in the nature and extent of unionism: the United States, Canada, Norway, and Sweden. We argue that the economic effects of unionism depend on whether (1) the bargaining structures of labor markets are centralized or fragmented; and (2) the political organization can be characterized as a corporatist or a pressure-group system. We find some support for our principal hypotheses that cross-national differences in systems of collective bargaining and political institutions affect the size of the earnings gap between male union and nonunion members, as well as the extent of wage dispersion among unionized workers.     

外资并购我国上市公司的问题及对策

我国资本市场的对外开放速度已经加快,外资进入我国资本市场从事战略性并购的制度壁垒将逐步消除,外资收购我国上市公司国股票的制度性障碍已扫除,必将对我国的相关政策和法律形成挑战,通过政策引导和规范法律可以使外资并购在健康的轨道内运行。     

战略抉择:中国经济发展方式的现状与转型

经济发展方式包括对内和对外经济发展方式。改革开放以来,中国市场取向和高强度投入的对内经济发展方式,与注重加工贸易和以引进外国直接投资为主、借入外国债务为辅的对外经济发展方式相互作用,推动中国经济迅速发展。但是,这种发展方式只是脱贫之路,而不是富强之路。随着时间的推移,这种发展方式不可持续的弱点逐渐表现出来。因此,中国政府应该充分发挥"看不见的手"和"看得见的手"的作用,对内实行自主创新和调整产业结构的发展战略,对外实行以超比较优势为核心的梯型对外贸易发展战略、以调整结构为主线的质量型引进外国直接投资发展战略和以渐进的人民币国际化为中心的对外金融发展战略,以成功地完成转变经济发展方式这场"经济社会领域的深刻变革"。     

He said, she said: The gender wage gap according to self and proxy reports in the Current Population Survey

Roughly half the labor force data in the Current Population Survey (CPS) are provided by proxy respondents, and since 1979, men’s reliance on proxies has dropped dramatically while women’s reliance on proxies has increased. Few authors, however, have examined how combining these first-hand and second-hand reports may influence our understanding of long-term economic trends. We exploit the outgoing rotation group structure of the CPS by matching individual records one year apart, and we find that self-reported wages are higher than proxy-reported wages even after controlling for all time invariant characteristics. Furthermore, we find that changes in the use of proxy respondents by men and women since 1979 have made current estimates of the gender wage gap larger than they would have been without changes in reporting status. This suggests that the gender wage gap has closed more than previously estimated. We recommend that researchers combine self and proxy responses with great care, especially when analyzing time trends or making gender comparisons.     

Pay premiums for economic sector and race: A decomposition

This paper examines two issues concerning a dual economy theory of labor markets. Using data from the older men's file of the National Longitudinal Surveys, I first investigate the degree to which differences in rates of pay among economic sectors (competitive, monopoly, public) are accounted for by sector differences in (1) human capital composition, (2) unionization, (3) occupational skill requirements, and (4) other factors producing an ability and willingness to pay high wages. The results of this decomposition suggest that the greater ability and willingness to pay high wages and the higher levels of unionization are the primary factors producing a monopoly sector pay premium. Second, I examine how racial differences in pay vary across sector and perform an analogous decomposition of these differences. In contrast to several previous studies, the relative disadvantages of black men were found to be somewhat greater in the competitive sector than in the monopoly sector.     

WTO与江苏乡镇企业

被邓小平誉为“异军突起”的乡镇企业是中国农民的伟大创造,也是在党和国家一系列方针政策的正确指引下,中国改革开放后出现的一个新生事物。２０多年来乡镇企业迅猛发展,到１９９８年底,乡镇企业已超过２０００万家,从业人员１．２５亿人,目前全国农村社会增加值的 ６０． ８％,国内生产总值的 ２７．９％,工业增加值的 ４６． ３％,财政收入的近 ２７％,出口创汇的近 ４０％,农民收入的 ３１． ８％,都来自乡镇企业。改革开放２０多年来,乡镇企业的年均增长率超过 ３０％。 江苏,特别江苏南部是我国乡镇企业的发源地,至１…     

The role of parenthood in shaping the gender wage gap – A comparative analysis of 26 European countries

We use cross-national data on 26 EU countries to estimate how parenthood contributes to the gender wage gap, and assess how institutional elements affect this relationship. We find that irrespective of cultural norms and policies, fathers receive a wage premium, which increases the gender gap. Motherhood gaps vary across countries. The highest gaps are seen in Eastern European countries, where policies and norms lead to long absences from work. Moderate to small penalties are found in Continental Europe, Anglo-Saxon and Nordic countries, alongside higher maternal employment. No motherhood penalties are found for Southern EU countries, where mothers return to work quickly or exit the labor market indefinitely.     

Displacement in new economy labor markets: Post-displacement wage loss in high tech versus low tech cities

While scholars and politicians tout education as the salve to employment disruptions, we argue that the geography of the new economy, and the social closure mechanisms that geography creates, may be just as important as individuals’ characteristics for predicting post-displacement wage loss (or gain). We use data from the 2012 Displaced Workers ement of the Current Population Survey and from the 2010 United States Census to test hypotheses linking local labor markets in different industrial contexts to post-displacement wage loss. Our results point to age as a closure mechanism, and to the partially protective effect of education in high-tech versus low-tech economic sectors. This study is the first to use national level data to examine how employment in high-tech cities influences post-displacement wages. These findings are relevant both for theorizing about the new economy and for public policy.     

洋务运动期间的劳工雇佣与管理

作为中国最早的建立机器工业的现代化运动,洋务运动期间我国企业界在现代工人的来源、工资标准的制定以及劳工管理方面有两个显著的特点：一是突出“效率”色彩,如按照产业结构的不同而雇佣不同技术素质的工人,按照劳动效率高低的不同以确定不同工资的标准。二是突出“情感”因素的作用,尽量利用传统文化中某些有利于提高当时企业劳动效率的因素,如利用同乡因素招募和管理工人等。尽管用现在的标准来看,这些探索显得幼稚,但它毕竟是近代中国人在机器工业建立方面迈出的坚实一步,直到今天仍有其积极的意义。     

中国家族企业可持续发展的路径选择

以"可持续发展"作为切入点,引用了一些国内外关于家族企业理论的研究成果,结合中国家族企业的发展现状,分析了阻碍中国家族企业可持续发展的瓶颈因素,借鉴了国外一些家族企业的发展经验,提出了中国家族企业可持续发展的路径选择。     

新生代农民工“民工荒”视阈下的河北省中小企业用工策略

中小企业在促进经济社会发展中起着举足轻重的作用,已成为经济发展的大趋势.但近些年来却出现了新生代农民工“民工荒”现象,这在一定程度上制约了中小企业的发展.系统梳理了国内外关于新生代农民工“民工荒”以及中小企业用工策略的研究综述,阐述了河北省新生代农民工“民工荒”的现状,深入探讨了新生代农民工“民工荒”对河北省中小企业用工的影响,对河北省中小企业用工策略进行了实证研究,并提出了新生代农民工“民工荒”视阈下的河北省中小企业用工策略的路径选择.     

Racial differences in the effects of job contacts: Conflicting evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal data

Recent research has argued that using job contacts to find work restricts the opportunities of Black workers. Although this makes sense in light of literature on urban poverty that contends that inner-city Blacks are isolated from effective job networks, this paper argues that there are two reasons why these findings may be misleading. First, the existence of discrimination in the labor market means that contacts may be an efficient method of job search for Black workers. Second, because the use of contacts may be an endogenous variable, we need to look at longitudinal data. In the analysis, I compare cross-sectional and longitudinal results on the relationship between contacts and wages. While the cross-sectional data indicate a negative relationship between contacts and wages, the longitudinal data suggest this merely reflects lower levels of opportunity among workers who use contacts rather than the effect of contacts per se.     

优化发展福建外经贸软环境研究——优化海西软环境建设推动福建外向型经济发展

国务院通过的《海西规划》赋予海西更多的发展机遇和平台。在全国各项指标数据中,福建外经贸各项指标皆位列全国前十位,充分说明福建省是一个经济外向型较高的省份。但较之与东部发达省份,目前福建在政策、经济等诸多因素方面存在不足与差距。因此,优化外经贸发展软环境是当前迫切需要解决的课题。