变化中的地理学及其实验技术的改进

从地理学史的研究中可以看出，地理学研究方法沿着描述——解释——系统分析与综合的道路发展。随着地理科学中现代数量研究方法的引入，地理科学的实验不再仅仅是自然地理的分析性实验，而是以３Ｓ为基础，理论地理学为指导，包括观测性实验、模拟性实验和试验性实验在内的实验体系。在高校地理教学中应改革实验设备的落后状况，建立新型的地理系统与地理过程研究实验室，并改革课程的设置，增加数理课程和现代技术课程的比重，加大实验课的份量     

建立开放性实验室培养创新人才

开放性实验室是实验室及实验手段向学生开放,学生可以随时进入实验室,进行实验构想、设计和调试,充分利用课内外时间来进行实验,并得到教师的指导,使“做实验”成为真正有趣的活动。开放性实验室可以提供给学生更多的发展和探索空间以及更好的自主性,培养学生独立思考、勇于创新的科学态度和精神。实验室的开放程度已成为学校教学水平、科研水平的重要标志。     

假设检验在建设工程实验室管理中的应用

为了评估同一实验在不同操作过程中是否有本质的差别,以采集耐碱玻璃纤维网布经向和纬向的初始拉伸断裂强力实验为例,提出应用假设检验的方法进行量化分析。采用正态P-P图、Kolmogorov-Smirnov单样本检验法、两个独立样本Mann-Whitney检验法、游程检验法进行对比实验。研究结果表明,可以用假设检验的方法来量化分析实验过程是否有本质的差别;通过多角度对实验数据的量化分析,可以评定实验操作过程对实验结果影响有无显著性差异,评定实验数据采集过程是否出现异常。     

How dominance hierarchies emerge from conflict: A game theoretic model and experimental evidence

We develop a game theoretic model of conflict and empirically test its predictions to study the emergence of social hierarchies in small groups. Previous research shows uncertainty about actors' ability may lead to more conflict; conflict demonstrates actors' ability and establishes relationships of dominance and submissiveness. Since we assume uncertainty regarding ability to be a crucial cause of conflict, we focus on the effects of different information conditions. We posit that actors know the distribution of abilities in their group and vary whether or not they know (1) their own ability and (2) their interaction partners' interaction histories. Our results from a laboratory experiment closely match qualitative model predictions. Most importantly, conflict produces information about actors’ ability, which reduces subsequent conflict. In an exploratory analysis we investigate to what extent gender, social value orientation, risk preferences and a competitive personality account for the quantitative discrepancies between model predictions and subject behavior.     

Situational determinants of reward allocation: The equity-equality equilibrium model

We conducted a vignette survey to investigate the effects of situational factors—such as a group’s size, the amount of status differentiation among its members, and the type of task on which they work—on respondents’ reports of the “fair allocation” of resources to members of status-heterogeneous task groups. We argue that to the degree that situational factors make productivity, status and competence more relevant, allocators will increase the weight of equity compared to equality, and to the degree that they make the maintenance of positive relations among members relevant, allocators will decrease the weight of equity compared to equality. Each vignette described members of a status-unequal work group with three, four, or five members. We use status characteristics theory to calculate status inequality for each group. Groups’ tasks were described as either regular or temporary, requiring either interdependent or independent relations between coworkers, and involving routine or nonroutine working conditions. Participants from the United States and from Turkey read a series of vignettes and for each wrote what they thought was the fairest salary for each group member. Using reward expectations theory, our balance model and reported allocations, we estimate empirically the weight of equity for respondents and vignettes. All of the situational factors we identify do affect the equity-equality balance, though some only in interactions. We demonstrate that our balance model of distributive justice provides a useful instrument to capture these effects.     

民间,一种透视乡土文学的新视角

研究中国现代乡土文学的代表性视角有两个:批判国民性的启蒙文化视角和地域文化视角。但二者各有其偏颇。在此意义上,民间,引发出一个新的理论视角。民间理念在中国新文学发展中产生过巨大的推动作用,乡土文学从主体意识到文本形态都渗透着民间理念的光辉。     

体育教育专业田径类课程结构——定向教学模式的实验研究

通过文献资料法、数理统计法、教学实验法,对体育教育专业田径类课程"结构-定向"教学模式、结构合理的设计,并进行实验研究,验证了"结构-定向"教学模式有助于田径教学最优化.它对发展学生的身体素质,形成运动技能,提高专项技术与成绩具有良好的作用与效果.     

城市化进程中的人口流动对兰州市民族关系的影响——以兰州市七里河区为例

以甘肃省兰州市为例,采取民族学实地调查法与参与观察法,总结归纳城市化进程中的兰州市民族关系现状及存在的问题;采取量化统计的方法,分析西北地区城市化进程中的人口流动情况,并进行了问卷调查及深度访谈。研究结果显示,兰州市流动人口的主体是农村青壮年人口;人口的流人以本区、邻近省份为主;流动人口在城市的活动主要以务工经商为主,多从事第二、第三产业。越来越多的少数民族流动人口进人城市,不仅对城市经济文化的发展产生影响,同时也使城市民族关系出现了许多新情况、新问题。建议政府根据流动人口的特点,有针对性地开展服务与管理,促进西部民族地区城市民族关系的和谐发展,维护城市社会稳定。     

文学史方法:从现代到后现代--兼论对我国新世纪文学史研究实践的启示

二十世纪是西方文学史研究方法空前活跃的时代。面的拓展与点的掘进同时并举,使得西方现代主义的文学史研究方法呈现为一种立体的架构,且大致可分为两大思潮:一是标举“体验”性的人文主义诗学,二是注重实证的科学主义诗学。后现代主义文学史研究方法在思维方式上坚持一种专事否定的流浪者的思维,致力于“稗史”的创造和“碎片式”的结构,带有明显的“破坏性”、“表演性”和“随意性”,更注重对文本的阅读与接受过程及对现代主义文学史研究方法的超越。这给我国新世纪的文学史研究实践带来了具体的启示,即必须具有广阔的文化视野和学术批判眼光,在运用诸种方法时应注意文学史对象的适用性、可行性和方法之间的互补性,并最终做到“至法无法”。     

调查研究与社会主义新农村建设

论述了调查研究对于建设社会主义新农村的重要性,分析了建设社会主义新农村存在领导干部对农村现状不了解,农民对新农村建设的意义、原则、要求不熟悉,新农村建设中一刀切的方法不能因地制宜等问题,指出了在社会主义新农村建设中要坚持正确的指导思想和原则,综合运用开会调研、实地调研和文献调研的调查研究方法。     

我国公共行政学的危机：概念矛盾与研究困境

概念的混乱、研究路径的不清和研究方法的褊狭是当前我国公共行政学遭受质疑、面临发展危机的重要原因.我国公共行政学要走出危机首先必须面向实践,从研究中国的实际出发,对概念体系和学科体系进行重新梳理,建立既符合中国传统和现实,又有利于国际交流的概念体系和理论框架,其次还应重视研究方法的训练和运用,并加强微观领域公共问题的研究.     

To thine own self be true? Clarifying the effects of identity discrepancies on psychological distress and emotions

After many years of research across disciplines, it remains unclear whether people are more motivated to seek appraisals that accurately match self-views (self-verification) or are as favorable as possible (self-enhancement). Within sociology, mixed findings in identity theory have fueled the debate. A problem here is that a commonly employed statistical approach does not take into account the direction of a discrepancy between how we see ourselves and how we think others see us in terms of a given identity, yet doing so is critical for determining which self-motive is at play. We offer a test of three competing models of identity processes, including a new “mixed motivations” model where self-verification and self-enhancement operate simultaneously. We compare the models using the conventional statistical approach versus response surface analysis. The latter method allows us to determine whether identity discrepancies involving over-evaluation are as distressing as those involving under-evaluation. We use nationally representative data and compare results across four different identities and multiple outcomes. The two statistical approaches lead to the same conclusions more often than not and mostly support identity theory and its assumption that people seek self-verification. However, response surface tests reveal patterns that are mistaken as evidence of self-verification by conventional procedures, especially for the spouse identity. We also find that identity discrepancies have different effects on distress and self-conscious emotions (guilt and shame). Our findings have implications not only for research on self and identity across disciplines, but also for many other areas of research that incorporate these concepts and/or use difference scores as explanatory variables.     

An experimental investigation into perceptions of disrespect during interpersonal conflict

Perceptions of disrespect are central to everyday life. Despite the importance of disrespect across various social arenas, prior research has failed to empirically examine the factors influencing these perceptions. This problem is magnified when considering that perceptions or disrespect may vary across individuals and social situations alike. Drawing from theories of social geometry and symbolic interaction, this study examines the individual and situational characteristics that inform perceptions of disrespect. Using factorial vignettes, and a large sample of students, respondents were asked to assess actors in various conflicts. Results from a series of hierarchical linear models show that perceptions of disrespect vary across individuals. The content of situations appears to drive perceptions of disrespect more than individual characteristics. Implications for future research on disrespect are discussed.     

疫情期"停课不停学"网络教学师生参与意愿、效果及问题研究

为了研究教学主体对疫情期开展“停课不停学”的网络教学的意愿情况，以学生、教师两类特定群体为研究对象，通过问卷星平台进行线上问卷调查，采用SPSS软件对628份有效问卷进行统计分析。研究发现，疫情期间，学生比教师更愿意采用网络教学方式，且比教师更认可此种教学的效果，老教师比新教师更多赞同这种教学形式。师生认为解决因疫情耽误教学的方法最好的是“停课不停学”网络教学，其次为利用暑期和周末补课等形式，但在实施网络在线教学的过程中仍存在很多困难和问题，尤其是针对农村地区的学生与教师。     

心理史学方法与唯物史观关系探讨

长期以来,中国史学界传统上认为,心理史学方法作为一种＂唯心＂的研究模式,与作为史学研究指导思想的唯物史观是互相对立和排斥的。本文通过梳理心理史学方法学理发展过程,并从唯物史观的核心观点＂物质实践活动＂入手,探讨心理史学方法与唯物史观的关系,认为两者的关系是统一的,不是对立的。唯物史观需要用心理史学方法来开创新的研究领域;心理史学方法需借助唯物史观来解决自身的缺陷。二者相互结合,可以进一步推动历史研究的深入发展。     

New faces in new spaces in new places: Residential attainment among newly legalized immigrants in established,new, and minor destinations

Immigrants at the beginning of the twenty-first century are located in a more diverse set of metropolitan areas than at any point in U.S. history. Whether immigrants' residential prospects are helped or hindered in new versus established immigrant-receiving areas has been the subject of debate. Using multilevel models and data from the New Immigrant Survey (NIS), a nationally representative sample of newly legalized immigrants to the U.S., we move beyond aggregate-level analyses of residential segregation to specify the influence of destination type on individual-level immigrant residential outcomes. The findings indicate that immigrants in new and minor destinations are significantly more likely to live in tracts with relatively more non-Hispanic whites and relatively fewer immigrants and poor residents. These residential advantages persist net of individual-level controls but are largely accounted for by place-to-place differences in metropolitan composition and structure. Our exclusive focus on newly legalized immigrants means that our findings do not necessarily contradict the possibility of worse residential prospects in new areas of settlement, but rather qualifies it as not extending to the newly authorized population.     

Spaces of encounter and attitudes towards difference: A comparative study of two European cities

Scholars have been increasingly interested in how everyday interactions in various places with people from different ethnic/religious background impact inter-group relations. Drawing on representative surveys in Leeds and Warsaw (2012), we examine whether encounters with ethnic and religious minorities in different type of space are associated with more tolerance towards them. We find that in Leeds, more favourable affective attitudes are associated with contact in institutional spaces (workplace and study places) and socialisation spaces (social clubs, voluntary groups, religious meeting places); however, in case of behavioural intentions – operationalised as willingness to be friendly to minority neighbours – only encounters in socialisation spaces play a significant role in prejudice reduction. In Warsaw, people who have contacts with ethnic and religious minorities in public (streets, park, public services and transport) and consumption spaces (cafés, pubs, restaurants) express more positive affective attitudes towards them, but only encounters in consumption space translate into willingness to be friendly to minority neighbours.     

基于WEB的网络工程虚拟实验室的实现

WEB是现代远程教育的一个基本依托,构建基于WEB的虚拟实验室可以解决高校远程教育中的实践培训问题。本文介绍了虚拟实验室的基本体系结构,重点论述了一种智能化的"网络工程虚拟实验室"的实现。系统采用SPICE作为仿真内核,与多媒体技术有机融合,实现了多媒体环境下的网络工程实验仿真,并具有实验指导、实验报告网上生成与批阅等辅助功能,集实验教学、实验操作与实验报告于一体,满足网络工程专业实验教学的需要。     

明代滇西边疆研究述评

文章从政区设置、边疆经略、民族史等方面,对目前学术界对有关明代滇西边疆研究的成果进行了述评,对研究新动向和视角进行了总结.认为从地方、中央甚至周边关系的多重视角研究边疆地区,可以发现边疆与中央、与周边地区的互动,并发现这种互动关系对边疆社会变化的推动作用,能更全面、深入地理解滇西边疆的发展与形成的历史.     

试论朱熹的比兴观

朱熹在继承前人研究成果的基础上,对比兴的认识有了新的突破,从文学创作和表现手法的角度对比兴进行了深入研究.他给比兴所下的定义在形式方法上有了新的突破,且首次系统地标明了赋比兴,并从文学创作的角度具体区分了比和兴.