流动人口生殖健康服务权利意识现状分析——以昆明市为例

本文采用国际计生联提出的生殖健康服务对象应享有的十大权利理论,以自设计问卷进行多阶段分层随机抽样,对其中的生殖健康服务对象的信息权、获得权、选择权、隐私权、保密权和尊重权六个方面的权利意识进行调研。研究发现,绝大多数流动人口的各项生殖健康服务权利意识均亟待提高。其中以获得权和隐私权意识最低;而信息权意识相对较高。目前,除完善社会保障机制,增强医疗机构及医务人员的法制观念和职业道德倡导外,应加大对流动人口相关生殖健康服务权利意识的宣传和教育。     

Models for mating disruption by means of pheromone for insect pest control

Models are presented to investigate the population dynamic behavior of a pest population with the release of pheromone for mating disruption. Three mechanisms of mating disruption are considered: (i) confusion of males, (ii) competition with female pheromone trails yielding false trail following, (iii) emigration of males prior to mating. In addition, several refinements to confusion are considered. Confusion and emigration of males were found to be very similar both quantitatively and dynamically; also, a combination of both mechanisms was very little more efficient than either one separately. False trail following is difficult to compare with the other two, since competition with wild females is involved and thus the total population size enters the equations. Density dependence of the action of pheromones results in some cases in which mating disruption cannot control the pest population. Similarly, aggregation of the pest population decreases the efficiency of the method unless the pheromone action is density independent. Delayed mating of females makes control easier, and may constitute one mechanism for mating disruption.     

Implications of immigration for apportionment

Around the time of the US decennial censuses, a renewed interest emerges in the method for apportioning the US House of Representatives. Various methods may show slight variations in illustrative apportionments, with biases favoring less populous states, but the general pattern remains. Definition of certain groups as included in the apportionment counts and coverage levels for selected groups have been debated in the judicial system, legal journals, and government. Unauthorized residents, and, sometimes, lawful immigrants, are often singled out for exclusion. The legal issues are complex, and illustrating the effects of these groups' inclusion is problematic due to poor measures, nationally and geographically. Using approximate distributions, these analyses suggest this next apportionment might differ slightly under various scenarios such as ones excluding either recently entered unauthorized residents or all unauthorized residents. Allowing for net authorized immigration greater than official estimates for the 1990s might have some effect for large states.     

A system of social indicators for the CMEA countries and for Hungary

This paper discusses the reasons for the growing demand for social indicators in Hungary and in other European socialist countries. A brief history of the construction of a system of social indicators within the framework of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid is given. The subsystems and the main indicators are described. The present practice and the problems of social classifications used in the social indicator systems and in social surveys are treated. In addition to the existing data sources of social indicators, sample surveys were considered to be necessary to provide a full and detailed view of Hungarian society. In addition to objective indicators, recently, subjective indicators have also been collected.     

National indicators for health for all

This paper examines available international data relevant to the World Health Organization model of health status. It explores the possibility of constructing useful measures of health status, health policy, social and economic status, and provision of health care based on these data. A five-factor model is developed and tested empirically using World Bank statistical data from 123 countries. Two factors representing dimensions of country affluence and population density are found to explain 78 percent of the variations in the health status indicator. The countries with health status indicator levels worse than those predicted by the model are predominantly third-world countries; a majority are African. Countries with health status indicator levels better than predicted are mainly in Asia, Latin America, and Europe. Some generally accepted causal relationships were not supported by the findings in this analysis.     

流动人口社会保障问题的公共政策思考

随着社会经济改革开放的深入发展,以农民工为主体的流动人口数量还将持续增加,作为一个特殊的人口群体将长期存在。流动人口突破了城乡二元结构的樊篱,为就业增加了竞争力,为城市增加了活力,为现代化增添了动力,也有力地推动了政府职能转变和管理服务方式转变。然而,绝大部分流动的劳动力没有养老、工伤、医疗、失业等基本的社会保障。流动人口在我国经济发展中扮演了重要角色,但现有的社会保障机制并没有完全覆盖每年近2亿的流动人口。由于一些流动人口缺乏基本的就业、医疗、保险等社会保障,因此可能会引发一些治安问题和不安定因素。所以,建立有效的流动人口保障机制,是"以人为本"精神和社会公正的最好体现,也是实现社会安定团结局面的一个治本之策。本文简要分析了当前我国流动人口社会保障的现状以及建立流动人口社会保障的必要性和紧迫性,并从公共政策的角度提出了若干建议。     

Collective action for the development of national standards for midwifery education in Australia

This article describes a sequence of events that led to the development of national standards for the accreditation of Australian midwifery education programmes for initial registration. This process occurred within a climate of polarised opinions about the value of the introduction of three-year degree programmes for midwives who are not nurses (known as the BMid in Australia) and concerns about the invisibility of midwifery within nursing regulation, education, policy and nomenclature.Concerted efforts to develop standards to inform the introduction of BMid programmes through a process of collective action are described. This involved arguing successfully for the positioning of midwifery as a separate profession from nursing, with a need for its own discreet regulation.     

A technique for measuring the effect of economic base on opportunity for blacks

An assessment of the occupational opportunities for selected groups of in-migrants (i.e., Negroes) requires a technique which controls for effects of both national and local employment patterns. We suggest a measure based upon the location quotient and referred to as the "differential opportunity ratio" as a method which provides the necessary controls. It is applicable in the comparative studies of cities and in analyses of other population groups for which data are available.     

Quality of Life Indexes for National Policy: Review and Agenda for Research

A number of governments and public policy institutes have developed Quality of Life Indexes – statistics that attempt to measure the quality of life for entire states or regions. We develop 14 criteria for determining the validity and usefulness of such QOL indexes to public policy. We then review 22 of the most-used QOL indexes from around the world. We conclude that many of the indexes are successful in that they are reliable, have established time series measures, and can be disaggregated to study subpopulations. However, many fall short in four areas: (1) indexes vary greatly in their coverage and definitions of domains of QOL, (2) none of the indexes distinguish among the concepts of input, throughput, and output that are used by public policy analysts, (3) they fail to show how QOL outputs are sensitive to public policy inputs, and (4) none have examined convergent validity against each other. We conclude that many of these indexes are potentially very useful for public policy and recommend research to further improve them.     

A modification for use in destabilized populations of brass's technique for estimating completeness of death registration

The analysis of censuses for pre-industrial Europe has caused doubts about the supposed dominance of stem and joint family organization in earlier times. Using a hypothetical example of a nuclear family organization where extended composition is only found when widowed persons find shelter in the household of one of their children, we show that both the expected value and the variance of the estimated frequency of extended composition are high under demographic circumstances typical of pre-industrial Europe. This makes inferences about family organization based on data concerning family composition hazardous     

A modification for use in destabilized populations of brass's technique for estimating completeness of death registration

Summary Brass has developed a method of estimating completeness of death registration using only data on deaths and population by age and sex. In this paper, his method is briefly outlined and the assumptions upon which it is based are discussed. In particular, the implications of the failure of the assumption of stability of the population are investigated. It is found that in populations where mortality has been declining, use of the technique leads to underestimation of completeness. A modification of the technique based on knowledge of the duration and rate of mortality change is proposed for use in such populations. Using simulated destabilized populations, the modification is tested and found to yield more accurate estimates of completeness of death registration than the unmodified technique. The usefulness of the modified technique is further illustrated by applying it to data for Costa Rican females in 1963.     

关于北京市宣武区社区居家养老模式初探

2005年以来,北京市宣武区在辖区牛街街道和大栅栏街道试点推行了居家养老工作。在开展居家养老试点工作中,始终从老年人的实际需求出发,坚持“抓好软件、优化硬件、老人受益”的原则,以高龄困难老年人为重点服务对象,面向全体老年人,使广大老年人居家就可以享受到“就近、快捷、优质”的服务。通过“政府扶持,加强领导;依托社区,构建居家养老服务平台;社会参与,全方位推进居家养老服务工作”的运作格局,取得了“投资少、见效快、老人得实惠”的良好效果。本文对宣武区居家养老试点工作进行了全面系统的总结,使之具有较强的理论性和可操作性,对于今后开展居家养老工作具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Estimation of vital rates for Ghana

Abstract A complete and efficient registration system, of the type which would provide good data on births and deaths, does not exist in Ghana. However, registration of vital events is supposed to be compulsory in 39 towns in the country but the data collected in these areas are too inadequate and defective to provide a sound basis for the analysis of the dynamics of population growth. The results of the censuses conducted by the colonial governments are so defective and unreliable that they do not allow scientific research in the field of population analysis. Before 1960, therefore, when the national census and the post-enumeration survey (based on a 5% sample of the population) were carried out, estimates of fertility and mortality levels were little more than guesses. In this study an attempt has been made to utilize the information on the age-sex composition provided by the 1960 census and post-enumeration survey data on births and deaths to determine, as far as possible, the levels of fertility and mortality and the rates of population growth in Ghana. The fertility estimates-i.e. a crude birth rate of 50, total fertility rate of 6.9 and a gross reproduction rate of 3.4-show that Ghana's fertility is one of the highest in the world. An expectation of life at birth of 40 years, an infant mortality of 160 and a crude death rate of 23 appear to be the most plausible estimates. These estimates yield a rate of natural increase of 2.7% and a growth rate of 3.0% per annum.     

Maximum likelihood estimates for the parameters of a continuous time model for first conception

The duration of time between two successive births or between marriage and first birth is an indicator of the level of fertility of a couple. Potter and Parker (1964) and Singh (1961, 1967) have suggested the Type I Geometric as a distribution appropriate for representing the length of interval to first conception leading to a live birth. Potter and Parker estimated the parameters of this distribution with the help of the first two moments. Majumdar and Sheps (1970) pointed out the limitations of these moment estimates and gave a method to obtain maximum likelihood estimates, based on formulas which are too involved for solution without the help of a computer. Singh proposed a continuous probability distribution based on another set of assumptions for the above situation. He outlined a method to obtain best asymptotically normal estimates of the parameters. These estimates are obtained after several iterations starting from any set of consistent estimates. The objective of this paper is to show that it is relatively easier to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the continuous model, which describes the data on duration to first conception as well as does the discrete model. Simple expressions for the moment and maximum likelihood estimates with the corresponding covariance matrices are obtained. Application is made to three sets of data.     

A technique for measuring preferences for spending reductions

A question format for assessing people's preferences for spending reductions which can be used as part of telephone-administered surveys is discussed. Experiences with two field tests of the format are promising in that the response rates to question series as well as the validities of measures obtained from using the format compare favorably with similar assessments of rank-order formats. While cautionary use of the cutback technique is recommended, the findings reported here are encouraging enough to warrant further experimentation with it.     

The Longing for Status The Searching for Idea

Song Guangzhi is a young engraver risen during recent years. His creation is quite representative in the modern conversion of context in China’s lithograph. Like other engraving