今日如何重读《资本论》?——读比岱《如何对待〈资本论〉》

在《如何对待〈资本论〉》中,比岱试图回到资本主义生产方式理论的基础分析《资本论》的范畴组织方式和对象确定方式,为此他引入了一种“科学史”视角重新解读《资本论》。在比岱的这一工作中,他以对于马克思主义历史理论进行哲学探讨为目标,将《资本论》置于当代文献学成果所建构的理论视野之内,从《资本论》表面所分析的经济关系中发现其中所蕴含的法律的、政治的和意识形态的要素,探讨当代市场和资本之间的内在关系。这一工作在当代《资本论》解读中颇具特色,同时也呈现出当代法国马克思主义研究的一个重要趋势,尽管有其理论局限性,但为我们在当代语境下重新阅读《资本论》提供了一个理论参照系。     

Choice Functions with States of Mind

An agent is rational by dominance then states of mind (DSM) if he makes his decisions by, first, preselecting the alternatives that are not dominated by any other alternative in the choice set, and second, by choosing the preselected alternative corresponding to his state of mind. This state of mind is dependent on the previous choices he made. An agent is rational by states of mind then dominance (SMD) if he makes his decisions by, first, preselecting the alternatives corresponding to his state of mind and second, choosing the alternative that is not dominated. We give axiomatizations for SMD-rational or DSM-rational choice functions.      

坚持解放思想,开创发展中国特色社会主义的新境界

解放思想是马克思主义的革命精神和科学精神的重要体现,是马克思主义政党必须把握的认识世界和改造世界强有力的精神武器。中国特色社会主义道路和理论体系的形成,始终贯穿着解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进的思想路线。解放思想是发展中国特色社会主义的一大法宝。     

Mothers' and Fathers' Use of Internal State Talk with their Young Children

The present study extends previous results demonstrating a relation between maternal discourse and child social understanding to include paternal discourse. Emotion understanding (EU) and theory of mind (ToM) were considered as two distinctive aspects of social understanding. Participants were 106 children (54 boys and 52 girls) studied at 3.5 and 5 years. Discourse measures came from separate parent–child conversations during a picture‐book task; measures of EU and ToM came from children's performance on social cognition tasks. Differences in parental talk translated into important differences in the influence of each parent on children's social‐cognitive understanding. Mothers' references to emotion and emotion causal explanatory language predicted children's concurrent EU. Fathers' use of causal explanatory language referring to desires and emotions predicted children's concurrent and later ToM. These results highlight important differences between mothers and fathers in their use of internal state language and its impact on children's social‐cognitive understanding.     

Family Background in Relation to Deceptive Ability and Understanding of the Mind

The purpose of this study was to determine whether social factors might be linked with the development of certain aspects of deception. Fifty-seven children aged between 4 and 5 years were assessed for their ability to be convincing in an act of deception (expressive deception) and also for their understanding that minds are susceptible to deception (theory of mind). The mothers of 34 of the children completed a questionnaire which provided information on socio-economic status, parenting style, parental stress and family structure. The results revealed significant associations with family background and deceptive ability. Stepwise multiple regression analyses, controlling for age, identified socio-economic status as a predictor of understanding that the mind is susceptible to deception (theory of mind). In contrast, single parent stress emerged as the major predictor of variance in expressive deception. Deceptive socialisation practices specific to single parents were considered. Implications for the dissimilar developmental pathways of theory of mind and expressive performance in deception are discussed.     

社会的制造与集体表象

本文通过对涂尔干思想中的社会概念尤其是集体表象理论的解读,深入剖析现代社会自我证成上的困境。涂尔干一方面继承了契约论传统对社会的人为制造性的强调,另一方面又反对该传统将社会还原为个体之间约定行为的结果。集体表象理论针对的正是这一理论困境。涂尔干认为,集会或集体欢腾之际所产生的集体表象犹如化合作用,不能还原为个体的约定或契约,它是社会的产物,优先于个体。它不仅表达了个体对社会的情感,而且在定期的社会再造中创造这一情感。图腾标记对集体表象的具体化,既构成了个体认识社会的中介,又成为社会定期再造的依凭。涂尔干反对将法国大革命诠释为个体意志主导的结果,而试图通过集体表象将其诠释为社会定期再造的体现并强调社会之于个体的优先性。集体表象的神圣性既不依靠凌驾于社会之上的彼岸化的上帝,也不是个体意志的产物,而是社会性的,来自于社会的自我生产和再造。     

刘伶《酒德颂》及其与道教服饵、饮酒之关系

刘伶《酒德颂》是一篇描写得道的大人先生揭露贵介公子、缙绅处士伪道学面目的文章。刘伶好酒,并非托己保身或不遵礼法,而是对魏晋时期道教服食、养生文化的反映。刘伶好酒、服药,皆与其修炼隐沦之术有关。《酒德颂》除了具有深刻的道教神仙思想,还有儒家思想的渊源。     

试论赵翼的国家观

清代乾嘉时期的史家赵翼考证历史 ,超越孤立烦琐的事实考证 ,运用归纳综合的方法考察中国历代封建皇朝治乱盛衰的根源 ,探讨了封建国家的盛衰兴亡、管理职能和对外关系等问题 ,形成了比较全面的国家观 ,成为中国古代历史理论的重要成就。     

Children's Social Representations in Dolls' House Play and Theory of Mind Tasks, and their Relation to Family Adversity and Child Disturbance

Five-year-old children of depressed and well mothers were assessed on theory of mind tasks, and enacted scenes from their family lives in dolls' house play. Performance on theory of mind tasks was only weakly related to family circumstances and child distur-bance, but was significantly associated with measures of the child's general and verbal intelligence. In contrast, children's social representations elicited during dolls' house play showed systematic relationships with family adversity (maternal depression and parental conflict) in interaction with the child's gender: girls exposed to difficulties depicted particularly harmonious mother-child relationships, and their accounts showed a high degree of narrative structure; while boys so exposed depicted poor parenting, and their accounts were relatively incoherent. The children's dolls' house play was also associated with several aspects of their wider experience, including objective assessments of mother-child interactions, and behavioural and emotional adjustment in school. This technique may usefully elucidate the basis of child behavioural problems and psychopathology in the context of disturbed family relationships, and provide a route for therapeutic intervention.     

论"三个代表"重要思想对中国共产党执政规律的揭示

“三个代表”重要思想作为中国共产党必须长期坚持的指导思想,把发展作为执政兴国的第一要务,坚持全面建设小康社会的目标和全面的发展观,揭示了中国共产党领导经济建设的规律;坚持马克恩主义的政治文明观,实施依法治国与以德治国相结合的治国方略,把实现中华民族的伟大复兴作为党的庄严使命,揭示了中国共产党领导政治建设的规律;坚持文化是一个政党在思想上、精神上的一面旗帜,把弘扬和培育民族精神作为文化建设极为重要的任务,促进人的全面发展,揭示了党领导文化建设的规律。“三个代表”重要思想是党的第三代中央领导集体在总结历史经验教训的基础上,不断深化对执政规律认识的最新科学成果。     

统筹城乡环境建设问题的思考

当前我国城市环境有所改善,但农村环境持续恶化。造成这种差异的原因主要是环境政策有失偏颇,环境权益不公,环境保护投入不均,城乡环境保护意识差距等,归根结底是我国长期以来的城乡二元经济结构产生的城乡二元环境。城乡环境作为一个整体,不可分割,相互影响,城乡二元环境不利于统筹城乡经济社会发展,因此,应当统筹城乡环境建设,促进城乡环境保护的一致性。具体做法是:调整环境政策,实行城乡环境保护并重政策方针;调整城乡环境资源配置,建立生态补偿制度;转移环境保护支付,加大农村环境保护投入,加大农村环境教育,提高农民环境保护意识。