美国对伊动武难点多

美国打击了阿富汗塔利班政权后,在抛出"邪恶轴心"说的同时,矛头直指伊拉克,表示决心要推翻萨达姆政权,并派副总统切尼到中东游说,寻求阿拉伯国家的支持.但是,从伊拉克的反对派力量、阿拉伯国家的反应及世界舆论看,美国要对伊拉克动武有相当多的难点.     

伊拉克过渡政权核心人物沙拉比

美伊战争结束已半年，在美国的一手策划下，被称为“千面枭雄”的伊拉克代表沙拉比，在流亡期间与美国国会联系密切，在众多伊拉克反对派中，被华盛顿选中，成为伊过渡政权的核心人物。     

伊拉克战争以来中国与伊拉克的关系

伊战前中伊两国间保持着长期的友好交往。伊战结束后，中国积极参与了联合国倡导的伊拉克重建，并与美国等西方国家及俄国、阿拉伯国家合作，与伊拉克新政权建立了良好的关系。中国公司也积极参与了伊拉克的经济重建。与战前相比，中伊经济关系发生重大变化，即贸易规模迅速扩大，能源合作的地位上升，中国从贸易顺差变为逆差，而中国公司的投资从一般制造业和建筑承包转向能源和高层次的制造业。中国对伊拉克新政权的外交政策和经济合作对于伊的稳定和发展起到了积极作用，同时保证了中国在伊的权益，在2014年6月以来伊拉克的动荡中，中国和伊拉克共同努力妥善保障了中国的利益。     

沙特政权危机的历史根源及当代演变

沙特家族在建国进程中先后与瓦哈比派和美国结盟,分别构成沙特政权国内和国际合法性的主要支撑。但两个合法性之间的极化对立限制了沙特的国家建构,成为其政权危机的历史根源。沙特政府曾经尝试推进社会自由化和宗教保守化改革,均未能有效解决这一结构性矛盾。长期以来,单一石油经济成为维系既有上层建筑和调节政权与社会关系的唯一有效工具。但随着人口持续膨胀和政治参与预期增长,以及石油收入稳定性下降,沙特社会危机日益累积。"阿拉伯之春"以来,美国主导的地区体系趋于崩溃,瓦哈比派意识形态受到直接挑战,加之油价大幅下跌,沙特政权危机集中爆发。王储穆罕默德·本·萨勒曼对沙特内政外交的剧烈调整,其目的在于从根源上应对政权危机,为推动国家全面改革准备条件。     

从伊拉克战争看美国的单边主义

美国无视世界大多数国家的反对,于3月20日发动了对伊拉克的战争。美国打着反恐旗号,表面上是要清除伊拉克的大规模杀伤性武器,实际是为着推翻萨达姆政权,并在伊拉克建立亲美政权,进而在中东地区和全世界推行美国的“全球战略”。一个国家以种种借口对另一个主权国家发动战争,这种藐视国际法准则和粗暴践踏联合国宪章的行为,在国际上开创了一个危险的先例。美国的强权政治和单边主义行径,受到了全世界热爱和平的国家和人们的强烈谴责。正在膨胀的美国单边主义单边主义是从霸权主义衍生而来的。冷战时期,美苏称霸,东西对抗。苏联垮台后,冷战结…     

从文明冲突论、国家利益论角度分析伊拉克战争动机

2003年3月20日,美国以伊拉克支持恐怖组织和隐藏大规模杀伤性武器为由发动了对伊战争。由于这一次是海湾战争爆发后美国又一次进军伊拉克领土,所以此次战争又称"第二次海湾战争"。事实上,美国之所以绕开联合国、不顾国际社会的反对而发动伊拉克战争,是要通过这场战争来推翻反美政权,取得对伊拉克的石油控制权。本文将以理论分析为角度,通过经典国际政治理论来分析美国发动伊拉克战争的国家层次上的动机。     

资讯

伊战十年后混乱依旧美国分析家几乎一致认为,入侵伊拉克没有达到目的。前美国总统顾问罗斯承认,推翻萨达姆政权,伊拉克和美国付出的代价都"十分巨大"。罗斯说,"我认为,距离实现建设一个民主稳定的伊拉克仍然很遥远。"有些专家更坦言,现在的伊拉克很不民主、很暴力、很独裁。罗斯说,伊拉克战争的主要成果是消除了萨达姆政权,但代价非常巨大,教派争端已导致数万人死亡、国家四分五裂、大批的人流离失所,美国人也付出了鲜血和金     

伊拉克泛阿拉伯主义探析

泛阿拉伯主义萌芽于奥斯曼帝国统治时期,主张阿拉伯人是一个民族共同体,目标是建立一个统一独立的阿拉伯国家。本文简要论述了泛阿拉伯民族主义的兴起和发展;伊拉克和泛阿拉伯主义的关系;伊拉克复兴党的泛阿拉伯主义实践,最后分析了伊拉克在历史上长期成为泛阿拉伯主义民族中心和泛阿拉伯主义在伊拉克恒久不衰的原因。     

关于阿拉伯国家民主化道路的思考

在民主化进程中,阿拉伯国家并非"例外",而是滞后于世界其他地区.阿拉伯国家的民主实践呈现由弱渐强、逐步推进的趋势.但是,阿拉伯国家政治发展中的根本问题--政权产生的方式--尚没有实质性突破,面临诸多困难和挑战.阿拉伯国家的民主化道路基本上要经历一个权威政权主导下的政治自由化和有限民主化阶段.     

关于阿拉伯国家民主化道路的思考

在民主化进程中,阿拉伯国家并非“例外”,而是滞后于世界其他地区。阿拉伯国家的民主实践呈现由弱渐强、逐步推进的趋势。但是,阿拉伯国家政治发展中的根本问题——政权产生的方式——尚没有实质性突破,面临诸多困难和挑战。阿拉伯国家的民主化道路基本上要经历一个权威政权主导下的政治自由化和有限民主化阶段。     

Politique et expertise scientifique. La régulation européenne des médicaments

A study of the EU system for regulating medicinal products is used to show the usefulness of distinguishing between policy-making and scientific expertise when analyzing political decision-making. This approach presupposes identifying the characteristics of scientific expertise. The experts responsible for assessing drugs have to combine knowledge and action. Questions are raised about how work is shared between decision-makers and experts. In the case of medicinal products, the work of experts has absorbed decision-making. Lest we waver between explanations in terms either of science or else of politics, it is necessary to substantively identify expertise’s political dimensions. Two conceptions — the “healthy man’s” and the “sick man’s” — of the purpose of assessing medicinal products stand out in debates; but political authorities pay no heed to them.     

The electronic face of government in the internet age: borrowing from Murray Edelman

The issue of legitimation by political elites has been a central concern of political scientists for many years. This article draws upon the work of Murray Edelman who was instrumental in analysing this relationship between rulers and ruled, the relatively powerful and relatively powerless, through an understanding of language, symbolism and the manipulation of information. It concludes with the contention that the Internet offers the prospect for governments to create new 'electronic faces', which act to support a symbolic architecture of power.     

WHAT IS THE MULTITUDE?

Nicholas Brown and Imre Szeman continue their conversation with Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. (See ‘The Global Coliseum: On Empire’ in Cultural Studies, 16.2, (March 2002), p. 177–192). In this new interview they press the authors of Empire and Multitude on questions that have arisen both out of their own involvement with the theoretical issues generated by Empire and from new areas opened up by Multitude. Why is the multitude not a class? How can the unity of a political project be maintained in the multiplicity of the multitude? Is democracy still a project for the future? Can a political subject constitute itself outside the structure of sovereignty? In other words, what is the multitude?     

DEFINING MOMENTS: THE TENSION BETWEEN RICHNESS AND REACH

The defining moments of traditional spatially based higher education are made up of fixed and fluid experiences. These 'moments' are now creaking as funding per student falls and the romanticized ideal of an education detached from 'real' life falters under the weight of highly variable student experiences. Distance learning in all its guises has always been regarded as inferior by those embedded in the traditional system. However more and more students demand something different from costly campus-based education. It is time for a more open discussion about the tensions between richness and reach and the role that new facilities like the Internet could play in reaching more students without wallowing in the nostalgia that often accompanies such debates.     

A Stylistic Analysis of Hemingway’s A Clean,Well-Lighted Place

One important theme of Hemingway＇s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is the nothingness of life itself, At the beginning of this short story, Hemingway presents a setting--the cafe, which is familiar to us, and then moves our attention to focus on the characters within that setting, The story is told through the dialogues between the two waiters and is in third-person narration, In the following paragraphs we will focus on stylistic characteristics of this short story,     

Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to Jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy

Field research on ‘young Moroccan Jihadists in Syria and Iraq from northern Morocco’ unexpectedly revealed the mundane factors behind their recruitment represented in the self-realization and the search for heroism, adventure and money, were the main reasons for the recruitment of young people in northern Morocco terrorist organizations, especially the Daesh. The religious factor is secondary. To combat terrorism and extremism which is spreading in the MENA region requires political will. Appropriate laws should be enacted as soon as possible and policies must be implemented to ensure border control, the closure of financing ports, propaganda platforms, anti-addiction, etc.     

INFORMATION-CENTRED DESIGN: A methodology for designing virtual meeting DESIGN environments

Development of single-user computer applications has often been based on user-centred or task-centred design methodologies, with some success. These methodologies are also useful for guiding the development of multi-user CSCW applications whenever the basic characteristics of the users, or the type of tasks for which the system is being designed are identifiable. The effectiveness of these methodologies as a basis for the design of virtual meeting environments for supporting community-based activities, on the other hand, is rather limited. This is mainly due to the fact that for such systems it is not generally possible to identify the user or task requirements, as these vary considerably from one community to another, or even within the same community over a period of time. New methodologies need to be devised, or existing methodologies have to be modified, to direct the development of virtual environments for which the characteristics of the users or their activities are not known in advance. This paper introduces the concept of information-centred design. Information-centred design, though not fully devised yet, focuses on the identification of the type of information, as well as the way it is collected and utilized by the users of a virtual meeting environment. This pool of information, which plays an important role in facilitating interaction and communication between the members of a community, could be defined as their communal memory.     

L’adaptation des modèles de production dans les pays émergents L’exemple de l’industrie automobile en Argentine

How to test for the existence of a new model of production based on the firm lending an ear to customer demands and valuing the individual and collective intelligence of its work force? The facts for putting this model to the test of reality come from an analysis of two Argentinean automobile-makers, subsidiaries of Toyota and Volkswagen. Various aspects of their organization policy provide evidence of their capacity for making adaptations by “hybridizing” the parent firm’s model with the rationales inherent in the network of local actors (suppliers and labor unions, in particular). These firms are open systems with a narrow margin of maneuver. — Special issue: Latin America.     

Celebrating the 21st anniversary of empowerment evaluation with our critical friends

This special topic edition of E&PP presents the insights of luminaries in the field who have helped shape empowerment evaluation with their critiques, concerns, and congratulations. We celebrate their contributions to empowerment evaluation. This special topic edition of E&PP presents their comments about an evaluation approach that, according to president Stewart Donaldson, has “gone viral” across the globe (Donaldson, 2015).To set the stage for these critical friends’ comments, additional context for their discussion is provided. In addition, this special topic edition concludes with a brief comment on their thoughts.     

The Politics of Pain and the End of Empire

This article is a discussion of the role of feeling and emotion, and particularly the experience of pain, in contemporary global political events. In placing pain at the center of an analysis of a lived experience of global politics, the aim is to forge strategies to resist neoliberal imperialism and to create emotionally literate political communities. Drawing on the work of Elaine Scarry, Sara Ahmed and Frantz Fanon, the article situates the concept of emotions in a modern colonial landscape that is both racialized and gendered, complicated by neoliberalism as a subjectivity that contains the scope for emotions. As a case study, the article considers the emotions of viewing the deliberate infliction of pain through the circulation of the ‘Abu Ghraib photos’, particularly in the form of recent museum exhibitions in the USA.