试问管理学——管理学在中国侧议

从对当前我国管理学名词术语的一些疑惑,提出管理学在中国发展过程中的一些问题;从对我国管理科学基础研究主渠道研究经费使用的指导思想的解读,明确管理学在中国发展的终级目标是"创建管理科学的中国学派";通过对世界级的管理大师德鲁克管理思想的分析,支持了"基金委"管理科学部制订的管理科学的战略目标;从学术期刊的视角道出了《管理学报》对这一战略目标的憧憬和努力,并期待着管理学者、专家对《管理学报》的关注、指导和支持!     

中国管理实践导向的管理科学与工程理论与方法

本文通过文献评述、专家调查和典型案例分析,试图解释中国管理实践导向的管理科学与工程学科学术研究的基本特点和发展趋势。结果表明,近年来基于中国数据、中国案例和中国经验的管理学术研究成果越来越多。这些研究考虑了中国国情、国家战略、制度和文化等因素,也反映出中国情景下管理科学与工程研究的复杂性和学科交叉性等特点。同时,针对“基于我国领跑工程的管理科学与工程研究”、“面向‘卡脖子’技术的管理科学与工程研究”两个领域的关键科学问题和未来发展进行了初步探讨。     

管理科学与工程学科“十四五”重点前沿领域的顶层布局与具体内容：面向基础科学理论与国家重大需求

管理科学与工程学科“十四五”规划研究的重要内容之一是确定与我国国情相适应,并且能够满足我国“十四五”期间经济社会具体发展目标要求的学科重点前沿领域。本文介绍了管理科学与工程学科“十四五”重点前沿领域研究的思路与具体工作。首先,围绕提高学科基础理论研究水平和服务时代变革下的国家重大需求的学科发展目标,基于专家研讨和问卷调研确定了管理科学与工程学科“十四五”期间重点前沿领域的顶层布局,包括重大驱动要素和战略研究方向两方面。其次,通过问卷征集、同行评议、建议书提交与修改等环节,确定了学科重点前沿领域的具体内容,包括59个管理科学与工程学科内重点前沿领域以及8个学科交叉重点前沿领域。这些重点前沿领域凝聚了广大专家学者的集体智慧,给出了更明确的方向性指引,有助于关键基础领域提前布局以及面向国家重大需求的研究领域快速发展。     

中国式管理与中国管理模式的理论辨析

中国式管理与中国管理模式貌似相同,实则有很大差别。二者在理论来源上,有"中国传统哲学+西方现代管理科学+中国古代行政管理实践"与"中国管理哲学+西方现代管理科学+中国现代企业管理实践"的差别;在生成根基上,有农业经济与工业经济及知识经济的差别;在建构前提上,有等级与平等的差别;在核心内容上,有管与理的差别;在表现形式上,有零散与体系的差别;在应用特性上,有灵活机智与可复制性的差别;在追求目标上,有保持组织稳定与促进组织发展的差别。     

管理科学与工程理论与方法突破若干重点前沿领域

管理科学与工程学科“十四五”战略规划课题组在国家自然科学基金委管理科学部的指导和资助下,通过调研和多轮专家评审归纳总结出“十四五”期间管理科学与工程学科层面的重点前沿领域。本文从运筹学和商务数据两个层面,汇报了亟需取得理论与方法突破的若干重点前沿领域。     

‘Management Standards’ work-related stress in the UK: practical development

Research commissioned for the UK's Health & Safety Executive (HSE) supports the view that a preventative, risk-assessment based approach would be more effective than case-based methods in achieving a nationwide reduction in work-related stress. The background to this approach is described and discussed in a companion paper in this issue (Mackay, Cousins, Kelly, Lee, & McCaig, ). The present paper describes the development of HSE's new stress Management Standards—which offer organizations continuous improvement through a three-phase stress preventative process—and the development of a supporting ‘Indicator Tool’ (a two-phase questionnaire to assess employee perceptions of working conditions). The Management Standards comprise a series of ‘states to be achieved’, which are statements of good practice in six key stressor areas: demands, control, support, relationships, role and organizational change. For each stressor area there is also a ‘platform statement’ that outlines the main aims to be achieved by the organization. This statement may include a target percentage of employees finding that the organization meets the standard: this matter will be settled after the standards have been assessed in a public consultation campaign. To use the new process, an organization's state can first be assessed using the Indicator Tool; liaising with workers in focus groups enables a further exploration of issues raised; finally, there may be formulation of interventions and subsequent review. It is not intended that the standards will be legally enforceable. HSE's aim is that they and the associated methodology will enable organizations to effectively tackle work-related stress, and subsequently reduce both its incidence and prevalence.     

'Management Standards' work-related stress in the UK: practical development

Research commissioned for the UK's Health & Safety Executive (HSE) supports the view that a preventative, risk-assessment based approach would be more effective than case-based methods in achieving a nationwide reduction in work-related stress. The background to this approach is described and discussed in a companion paper in this issue (Mackay, Cousins, Kelly, Lee, & McCaig, 2004). The present paper describes the development of HSE's new stress Management Standards—which offer organizations continuous improvement through a three-phase stress preventative process—and the development of a supporting 'Indicator Tool' (a two-phase questionnaire to assess employee perceptions of working conditions). The Management Standards comprise a series of 'states to be achieved', which are statements of good practice in six key stressor areas: demands, control, support, relationships, role and organizational change. For each stressor area there is also a 'platform statement' that outlines the main aims to be achieved by the organization. This statement may include a target percentage of employees finding that the organization meets the standard: this matter will be settled after the standards have been assessed in a public consultation campaign. To use the new process, an organization's state can first be assessed using the Indicator Tool; liaising with workers in focus groups enables a further exploration of issues raised; finally, there may be formulation of interventions and subsequent review. It is not intended that the standards will be legally enforceable. HSE's aim is that they and the associated methodology will enable organizations to effectively tackle work-related stress, and subsequently reduce both its incidence and prevalence.     

Energy modelling: A new challenge for management science

The Arab oil embargo in 1973 and the subsequent price rises and production restrictions have given birth to a distinct branch within Management Science: energy modelling. This paper gives a critical and selective review on energy modelling, an industry which though thriving in an era of general economic anxiety, is showing signs of arrogant immaturity. After giving a historical background, the paper classifies energy models into three groups: open loop demand or supply models; energy closed loop models; energy-economy closed loop models. For each group the problem area is analysed and some illustrative examples are described. In the last sections, an attempt is made to sum up the experience that has been gained with energy modelling: the basic deficiencies, the impact of this activity on policy formulation and its position within Management Science. It is concluded that energy models, though very poor forecasting devices, can be very useful to policy makers as tools for analysis; energy model developers must convince potential model users and for that purpose they can benefit immensely from the 35-year-long experience accumulated by their colleagues in Management Science.     

Selection of a Computerised Maintenance Management System: a case study in a regional health service

The selection of a Computerised Maintenance Management System (CMMS) is a strategic decision in any industry. In hospitals such systems are becoming increasingly necessary because of the high proportion of the budget allocated to the maintenance area and the increasing demand for quality from both health-care professionals and patients. The aim of this study is to propose a more satisfactory CMMS selection process. The process uses a decision-making model based on the use of the multicriteria technique ELECTRE II in two stages. First, the software suppliers that can guarantee a successful implementation of the CMMS are selected. Then, the CMMS that best meets the organisation's needs and requirements is selected. To demonstrate the process, the authors present a case study of the selection process in a Spanish regional health service. Finally, a discussion of the influence of the public health-care environment on the final decision is offered.     

Logistic Game™: learning by doing and knowledge-sharing

The aim of this article is to define a new simulation game in operation management called Logistic Game?. The main objectives are to introduce a new simulation game approach in solving the different correlated subsystems based on ‘visual interactive learning’ and to verify its positive effects on the learning process with respect to the usual simulation games. The game is based on an inside plant virtual supply chain simulation and copes with the educational challenges of teaching Industrial Logistics in a new, effective way. By applying a visual interactive simulation package, the game creates a virtual dynamic scenario directly visible by participants, with an improvement of experimentation and conceptualisation phases, and offers several logistic decisions and their strategic links from a holistic point of view. The challenge goes beyond a pure theoretical setting and students learn strategies and gain experience directly by operating in a virtual supply chain and sharing knowledge. The Logistic Game has been used to train more then 300 students since December 2006 in three different Italian workshops and has been designed to encourage the employment selection process by the companies involved.     

The effects of demand,competitive, and technological uncertainty on board monitoring and institutional ownership of IPO firms

This paper considers industry-specific contingencies that may account for some of the inter-firm heterogeneity in the deployment of specific corporate governance mechanisms in IPO firms. We examine how differences in demand, competitive, and technological uncertainty in the industry influence the levels of IPO firm monitoring by board outsiders and institutional investors. We test our theory using a sample of U.S. firms that completed an IPO in 24 manufacturing industries. The results indicate that industry uncertainty is, indeed, significantly related to the use of corporate governance mechanisms. In particular, the empirical results indicate that industry effects on IPO firm board monitoring and institutional investor ownership are the strongest and most consistent for demand uncertainty and competitive uncertainty.

The [R]Evolving Relationship Between Risk Assessment and Risk Management

In Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment, the National Research Council recommends improvements in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's approach to risk assessment. The recommendations aim to increase the utility of these assessments, embedding them within a new risk‐based decision‐making framework. The framework involves first identifying the problem and possible options for addressing it, conducting related analyses, then reviewing the results and making the risk management decision. Experience with longstanding requirements for regulatory impact analysis provides insights into the implementation of this framework. First, neither the Science and Decisions framework nor the framework for regulatory impact analysis should be viewed as a static or linear process, where each step is completed before moving on to the next. Risk management options are best evaluated through an iterative and integrative procedure. The extent to which a hazard has been previously studied will strongly influence analysts’ ability to identify options prior to conducting formal analyses, and these options will be altered and refined as the analysis progresses. Second, experience with regulatory impact analysis suggests that legal and political constraints may limit the range of options assessed, contrary to both existing guidance for regulatory impact analysis and the Science and Decisions recommendations. Analysts will need to work creatively to broaden the range of options considered. Finally, the usefulness of regulatory impact analysis has been significantly hampered by the inability to quantify many health impacts of concern, suggesting that the scientific improvements offered within Science and Decisions will fill an crucial research gap.     

Enhancing the chances of successful OR/MS implementation: the role of the advocate

This paper extends understanding of the role of the advocate in the implementation of Operations Research/Management Science models in governmental agencies. The first part of this paper presents and analyzes the data resulting from interviews with 39 criminal justice agencies regarding the model implementation process. The interview data indicated that the advocate performed important problem-solving and mediation functions needed to introduce the technology. The second part of this paper provides a case study describing an advocate's successful introduction of a Patrol Car Allocation Model (PCAM) in the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. To assess the overall effectiveness of their implementation strategy, the project team conducted a questionnaire attitudinal survey of lieutenants, sergeants and officers in two of the pilot stations prior to PCAM implementation and after staffing changes. Overall, the attitude of the respondents was more favorable at the time of the second survey. The analysis of the interviews and the PCAM case study suggests a simple normative model for enhancing the chances of successful implementation of Operations Research/Management Science models.     

Hoshin Kanri: Implementing the Catchball Process

Involving employees in strategy deployment is an active topic of strategic management, but has been difficult to achieve in western companies. The methodology known as Hoshin Kanri has proved an effective strategy deployment process in Japan where it has been extensively applied for integrating strategy and Total Quality Management (TQM), but its adoption in the West has been low, except for a few innovatory companies. The application of Hoshin Kanri relies on a process called “catchball” to gain consensus on the deployment of Hoshin targets and measures in a team environment. This paper presents a process design based on an adaptation of the Delphi technique for the effective implementation of catchball, to reinforce the link between the corporate strategy and annual planning cycle. The catchball process described was implemented at the Rover Group, a UK-based automotive company, to develop the company's quality strategy based on Hoshin Kanri principles.     

A New Kind of Case Study: Using Business Bestsellers in the Business Policy Course

The undergraduate Business Policy (Strategic Management) course is often taught by using the case method of instruction. Cases are generally regarded as especially good vehicles for giving students an understanding of the general management view of an organization. The authors believe that it is useful for students to learn much about the strategy of at least one corporation in-depth. They use a business bestseller about a particular company or industry each semester for this purpose. All undergraduate students prepare the same written assignments on this company or industry using the business bestseller as a starting point. Experience in using the business bestseller as the basis of a written assignment in the business policy course has been very positive. Students both enjoy and profit from an assignment that focuses in-depth on a major firm or industry that they can comprehend and the evolution of which they can follow. Alumni often indicate that they continue to track the company or industry after graduation. The authors believe that such written assignments help prepare students of business strategy for the real world. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of Risk Perception on Attitudes and Norms Regarding Electronic Cigarettes

The use of electronic cigarettes has grown substantially over the last few years. Currently, about 4% of adults use electronic cigarettes, about 16% of high school students report use in the past 30 days, as do approximately 11–25% of college students. A hallmark of the reduction in tobacco use has been the shift in social norms concerning smoking in public. Such norms may also drive views on acceptability of public electronic cigarette use. While normative factors have been given attention, little substantive application of the literature on risk perception has been brought to bear. The overall aim of this study was to place a cognitive–affective measure of risk perception within a model that also includes social cues for e‐cigarettes, addictiveness beliefs, and tobacco use to predict perceived social acceptability for public use of e‐cigarettes. To do so, a cross‐sectional study using an online survey was conducted among a sample of undergraduate students at a Western university (n = 395). A structural equation model showed that the acceptability of public e‐cigarette use was influenced by social cues, beliefs about addiction, and cognitive risk perception, even after controlling for nicotine use. What is revealed is that cognitive assessment of e‐cigarette risk and perception of addictiveness had a suppressing effect on perceived acceptability of public vaping, while greater exposure to social cues exerted a countervailing effect. This is evidence of the role that risk perception and social norms may play in the increases in electronic cigarette use that have been observed.     

“中国实践管理”相关研究热点分析

通过对国家自然科学基金委员会管理科学部认定的30种重要期刊2001～2011年发表的有关"中国实践管理"的研究成果的分析,总结了中国管理实践研究现状及热点问题。基于此,对中国管理学研究未来发展进行了思考与展望。