从狄尔泰到韦伯——评反实证主义社会学

社会学自19世纪30年代创立以来,实证主义社会学始终占有主导地位,实证主义社会学几乎成了社会学的代名词。但实际上,在西方资产阶级社会学的发展历史上,始终存在着两个对立的社会学阵营,即:实证主义社会学和反实证主义社会学。本文认为,实证主义社会学和反实证主义社会学不仅在历史上表现为两种对立的理论形态,而且在逻辑上也表现为对立的二元,除了其它的社会历史条件之外,正是社会学内部这两大流派之间的对立、颉顽和斗争,促进了西方资产阶级社会学的持续发展。     

实证主义社会学面临挑战

从统一科学观的缺失到决定论原则的谬误再到价值中立观的玄想,文章系统评述了二战后日益流行的反实证主义思想各流派对实证主义社会学提出的责难。作者认为,实证主义与反实证主义社会学的对立突出表现在认识论和方法论方面,而这又根源于两派在本体论上的不同认识,从而在社会学中形成了两种风格迥异的研究范式,在特定的社会背景和研究要求下,它们都能产生出富有价值的成果。因此,在批判地借鉴西方社会学理论和方法时,我们不可轻易地偏执于其中任何一方。     

数字化代际冲突:概念、特征及成因

随着我国互联网普及率的逐年攀升,中国社会的数字代沟正加速演变成数字化代际冲突。较之于数字代沟,数字化代际冲突在内涵定义、主体指涉和结构强度上都存在着明显不同。数字化代际冲突还具有冲突内容涉网化、冲突方式媒介化和冲突扩散情感化等三个方面的特征。我国网络社会的压缩式发展、新媒体传播的"流量逻辑",以及网民群体的结构性失衡,成了数字化代际冲突产生的主要原因。为化解这一新型矛盾,当前的理论研究应再次聚焦世代视角,并需要在治理对策上坚持"线上+线下"的联动性治理、"市场+政府+社会"的协同性治理以及"对话+行动"的情感性治理。     

如何处理孩子对父母施暴的问题

前期专栏以立仁（化名）的案例,带出当今社会出现的孩子殴打父母的情况,并尝试从父母子女观念冲突的角度来作出解释。但是,东西方社会界定亲子关系时在价值取向上的分歧及其对父母子女的不同影响,绝不是孩子与父母出现冲突、对立和施暴情况的唯一原因。孩子对父母的暴力行为还受其他因素的影响。     

在交叉渗透中呈现张力——西方社会学发展概述

西方社会学是在西方社会的历史演进和社会理论发展的基础上萌芽产生的。目前西方社会学已进入到一个高度繁荣的发展阶段,各种学术流派争奇斗艳,社会学研究范式不断推陈出新,其他学科与社会学交叉渗透也日益明显。作为一门理论与经验并重的学科,社会学在人文社会科学领域呈现出前所未有的张力。     

对当前中国劳资冲突问题的理性思考——从《社会分工论》等书中获得的启示

本文从社会学经典理论视角分析了当前正处于转型关键时期的中国存在的劳资冲突问题。对于当前中国日益严重的劳资冲突问题，一些相关的西方社会经典理论值得借鉴。像西方著名社会学家涂尔干和科赛在其著作中都有对于社会冲突问题的详细阐述，其理论不仅为理解现代社会的失范及其整合打下了基础，也为解决转型期中国社会的劳资冲突等失范问题提供了十分重要的借鉴意义。本文详细阐释分析了相关西方经典社会理论，并根据自己对经典理论的分析就当前中国劳资冲突问题的成因及如何应对劳资冲突问题提出了自己的思考。     

西方社会流动研究综述

自索罗金开创社会流动研究先河以来，西方社会流动研究已经成为社会学研究领域中量化程度最高、统计方法运用最复杂的领域。本文简要回顾了社会流动研究领域的基本传统、核心问题，并重点讨论了布劳和邓肯的“地位获得模型”及西方比较社会流动研究的三个发展阶段与新趋势。     

西方居住隔离理论:发展历程与现实启示

自恩格斯首次揭示不同群体的居住隔离状态以来,西方社会学经济学等相关学科先后形成了三种不同取向的居住隔离理论,即强调不同人群空间分离的人文区位学居住分异理论,强调住宅更替规律的住房过滤理论,以及强调住宅阶级的新都市社会学居住隔离理论。这些理论共同提醒人们,在当代中国的城镇发展和住房建设中,必须有效预防居住空间隔离,阻止不同社会群体和阶层之间的隔离和对抗。     

对中世纪至近代伊斯兰与西方关系的再认识

中世纪伊斯兰与西方关系的发展是矛盾冲突与交流合作并存的复杂过程。双方的关系既有颇具宗教色彩的漫长冲突,也留下了许多不同宗教和谐共处的佳话,但这种事实却多被冲突的历史叙事所掩盖。在近代,拒绝与规避、世俗主义与西方化、伊斯兰现代主义和民族主义,构成了伊斯兰对西方进行反应的四种形式。在此过程中,伊斯兰对于西方的反应并非简单的抵制、排斥或反抗。首先,中东民族主义与伊斯兰教的复杂关系,是影响中东伊斯兰国家与西方关系存在多种形式的重要因素。其次,伊斯兰政治思潮及其社会力量对西方的反应具有复杂多元的特点,而并非单纯地反西方。经研究,本文得出两点结论和启示:第一,伊斯兰与西方交往的主题叙事亟待重新谱写,应摆脱目前突出矛盾冲突、忽视交流合作的片面叙事;第二,伊斯兰与西方关系史中的冲突是客观存在的,但这既不是宗教冲突,更不是文明冲突。     

价值立场与社会学知识的客观性

长期以来,西方社会学家总是把价值立场与主观随意性混为一谈,认为价值立场介入社会学研究领域必然损害它的知识的客观性。文章在分析了价值立场的客观前提和价值要素在社会学理论中的地位之后指出,社会学知识是否具有客观性,不决定于价值立场是否进入科学研究领域,而决定于价值立场是否与特定的社会发展方向能保持一致。文章还剖析了理论认识与价值认识的辩证关系,认为社会学理论知识既是认识的,又是评价的,批判了西方社会学家在评价问题上的错误观点。     

Civil Society and Public Relations: Not So Civil After All

Recent articles appearing in communication outlets such as Human Communication Research and Public Relations Review celebrate the emancipatory power of civil society projects as the solution to the primitive forms of totalitarian governance in Third World nations, suggesting the central role of public relations scholars and practitioners in development communication. Having embraced the mantra of civil society, these public relations scholars suggest that the concept of civil society offers a paradigm shift in the field of development communication by facilitating "true" participatory communication. This article takes a critical approach to the rhetoric of civil society and points out that the civil society trope is not a novel innovation in the field of development communication. Using the narratives of the Philippines, Chile, and Nicaragua, it is demonstrated that civil society serves the goals of the transnational elite and actively participates in the marginalization of the Third World participant; the subaltern subject in the Third World exists outside the realm of civil society in its cracks and fissures. The author takes a political economic approach to problematize civil society efforts and draw out the linkages among civil society, colonialism, and transnational market hegemony. Finally, subaltern studies are offered as an alternative point for communication scholars interested in understanding the communicative practices in the marginalized spaces of the world.     

Transnational Activism and Free Trade. Exploring the Emancipatory Potentials of Global Civil Society

This article explores the alleged emancipatory potential of global civil society as regards transnational activism to promote fair trade. It examines the case of transnational activism on European Free Trade Agreements, with illustrations from the Stop EPAs campaign and activism relating to the negotiation of an Association Agreement between the EU and Central America. It looks at how ideas of fair trade are expressed and at the process of managing diversity and searching for common messages. Activists working in North–South open and ideological diverse coalitions managed the tensions between reform and resistance for the perceived benefits of increased voice. Though transnational activism created more space for debate and action thereby promoting inclusion of different voices, some views remain marginal in the search for compromises. The analysis suggests that global civil society cannot be understood as a single entity. Rather, the emancipatory contents and meanings of global civil society are being forged through these conflicts and interactions among different groups.     

Mapping civil society in the Republic of Ireland

This article maps civil society in the Republic of Ireland againstthe background of significant social and economic change andthe resurgence of government interest in fostering active citizenengagement in communities. The article provides an analyticaloverview of the substantial body of literature that has emergedon different aspects of civil society in the Republic of Ireland.Taking stock of the literature is both timely and important,as it reflects broader trends towards reflection on the roleof civil society in modern Ireland, and research has a leadingrole to play in guiding future strategies for civil society,actors. Mapping exercises contribute to our understanding ofthe dynamics of civil society, which is salient to the successof future policy and to identifying avenues for future research.     

Developing ethical approaches to data and civil society: from availability to accessibility

This research note reflects on the gaps and limitations confronting the development of ethical principles regarding the accessibility of large-scale data for civil society organizations (CSOs). Drawing upon a systematic scoping study on the use of data in the United Kingdom (UK) civil society, it finds that there are twin needs to conceptualize accessibility as more than mere availability of data, as well as examine the use of data among CSOs more generally. In order to deal with the apparent “digital divide” in UK civil society – where, despite extensive government rhetoric about data openness, organizations face not only the barriers of limited time, funds, and expertise to harness data but also the lack of representation within existing data – we present a working model in which ethical concerns accompanying data utilization by civil society may be better accounted. This suggests there is a need for further research into the nexus of civil society and data upon which interdisciplinary discussion about the ethical dimensions of engagement with data, particularly informed by insight from the social sciences, can be predicated.     

Transnational Debt Movements: Challenging States and International Decision-Makers,or Intermeshed with These?

A new wave of transnational civil society campaigning has emerged since the last quarter of the twentieth century. Major changes in world order occurred over this period, which impacted on the context for transnational campaigning. These changes include the end of the Cold War, followed by the embedding of the concept of global governance, including the norm of civil society participation. This article examines the strategies of transnational debt campaigns against this background. It describes the shifts in strategies over time between more consensual engagement approaches and those seeking fundamental transformation, and considers the implications for the relationship between civil society campaigns and states/international decision-makers. It concludes that transnational debt movements fit better with a Gramscian perspective on civil society as containing consensual, and counter-systemic elements, than with a view of civil society as independent of official decision-making structures. It highlights, however, the need to grasp the on-going dynamic between these different elements within civil society.     

“Right to the City” and the Structure of Civic Organizational Fields: Evidence from Cape Town

This article proposes a network analytic approach to the role of frames in shaping the structure of civic organizational fields. Adopting a perspective from the global South, it looks at the impact of the expression “Right to the city” (RTC) over alliance building among civil society actors, exploring patterns of collaborative ties among 129 civil society organizations active in Cape Town from 2012 to 2014. The article addresses two broad questions: What is the relation between RTC and other frames that are also frequently invoked to describe urban struggles and issues? Does the RTC frame affect the structure of urban civic organizational fields in significant ways? Data suggest that while RTC plays a significant role in local civil society, it is neither the only interpretative frame that Capetonian civic organizations draw upon to characterize their activity, nor the more salient. “Urban conservation,” especially tied to nature conservation and environmental issues, actually shapes the structure of local organizational fields in a sharper manner. This is, however, a potentially more divisive frame, rooted as it is in the apartheid legacy that still shapes urban dynamics in the city.     

埃及公民社会伊斯兰化及政府对策

埃及公民社会的伊斯兰化发展比较迅速,这不仅体现在大量宗教公民社会。的建立,也体现在伊斯兰主义者向世俗公民社会的渗透上,穆斯林兄弟会在公民社会的诸多代表性组织中占据主导权。然而,埃及政府试图将公民社会纳入其预设的轨道之中,加强了对公民社会的管理和控制。于是,公民社会的伊斯兰化与公民社会对政府的依赖性处于一种张力之中,进而影响了埃及公民社会的发展趋势。     

浅析伊拉克战后的教派之争

伊拉克战争后,伊境内教派冲突迭起,特别是2006年2月22日,阿里·哈迪清真寺爆炸事件,造成该寺金顶严重损毁,引发了伊境内最严重的教派冲突,什叶派和逊尼派之间报复性暴力冲突愈演愈烈,引起国际社会广泛关注;战后伊国内政治力量对比发生了重大变化,对教派冲突产生催化作用。伊拉克的乱局同中东地区和国际形势的发展也不无关系。中东海湾地区民族、宗教矛盾尖锐,教派斗争激烈,是世界矛盾和热点问题最多最集中的地区,也是恐怖活动高发区。阿拉伯国家对伊拉克的走向普遍担忧。大国围绕伊拉克问题展开激烈斗争和较量。伊拉克教派之争对伊社会产生了严重后果,并深刻地影响伊社会的发展和内部关系的演变。什叶派主导的伊新政府应在四年任期内妥善处理好什叶派、逊尼派和库尔德人三派权益的合理分配,缓解教派矛盾,稳定国内局势、避免内乱,早日完成国家重建。     

Re-conceptualizing Civil Society: Towards a Radical Understanding

The article examines problematic aspects of contemporary theoretical thinking about civil society within a Western liberal-democratic context. The impact of neo-liberalism upon narratives of civil society, the assumption that civility resides more conspicuously within the world of associational life, and the tendency to conflate ‘civil society’ with the ‘third sector’ are areas critically discussed. Such conceptual incongruities, it is argued, obscure the path to a more radical theoretical understanding of civil society. In the second part of the article an alternative model of civil society is proposed. Supporting Evers premise that ‘every attempt to narrow down civil society to the third sector seriously impoverishes the very concept of civil society’ (Evers, Voluntary Sector Review 1:116, 2010), it is argued that civil society is best understood as a normative political concept, as being contingent in nature and distinct from the third sector.     

Does Nonprofit Marketization Facilitate or Inhibit the Development of Civil Society? A Comparative Study of China and the USA

With the rise of the global associational revolution and the expansion of neoliberalism across the world, nonprofit organizations (NPOs) have increasingly tended to adopt market values and approaches in many countries. A recent debate has concerned the impacts of nonprofit marketization on the civil society sector. A primary concern among Western scholars is the potential harm that marketization may cause to the traditional roles of NPOs, especially in their ability to create and maintain a strong civil society. This article joins the debate by engaging in a comparative analysis of China and the USA to answer the following question: Are the same concerns in the West applicable to non-Western countries, particularly those gradually liberalizing but still highly controlled authoritarian countries? By exploring the variations in objectives, models, and effects associated with the marketization taking place under different political–social systems, we find that unlike the nonprofit marketization in the USA, the similar yet distinct process in China is facilitating rather than inhibiting the development of civil society. On the other hand, our findings also provide nonprofit practitioners with a contextual guideline to help them devise more effective service strategies tailored to fit diverse sociocultural settings.