清代江南瘟疫对人口之影响初探

瘟疫对人口的影响一直是史学界比较缺乏关注的问题,而史籍中的一些笼统的记载以及近年出现的探索性研究似乎显示,瘟疫是中国历史上影响人口发展最具威力的"冷面杀手".情况究竟如何?笔者通过对发生在清代江南的一些瘟疫个案的考察,认为对清代江南瘟疫带来的人口损失率不宜估计过高,在疫病模式比较稳定的时期和地区,尽管瘟疫发生的频率较高,但对人口发展的影响并非举足轻重,至少不会产生结构性的影响.     

老年人口健康生活质量评价原则的探讨

老年人口健康生活质量的评价是社会养老保障决策过程中的重要依据之一。目前 ,尽管各国都进行了许多有关的评价研究 ,但老年人口生活质量的评价还没有较成熟的权威性量表 ,各种方法各有利弊。本文结合传统的老年人健康状态和功能评价 ,以及老年人口的特点 ,探讨了老年人健康状态和功能评价的思路和内容     

社会安全阀机制与贫富差距调适

当前,我国贫富差距较大已是一客观不争的社会事实。社会安全阀机制则起着调适贫富差距的作用,从而缓解了贫富差距所可能导致的利益和社会冲突,维持和促进了社会的稳定与发展。研究立足于贫富差距较大的客观现实,着重对现有社会安全阀机制进行分析,并指出在健全和完善相应社会安全阀机制的基础上消除较大的贫富差距。     

Survey of the population development of the minority Li of the Hai-nan Island]

Hai-nan Island is under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province and has a population of 5,520,000, of which 85% belong to the Han ethnic group, and 13.4% to the Li ethnic group, and there are other small minorities. Since 1949, the population of Hai-nan Island has more than doubled, and a serious population problem exists. Among the minorities, the population growth for the Li people in 1 autonomous region of the Island has been very rapid for 2 reasons: 1) the large number of immigrants moving in from other places, and 2) a high fertility rate among the Li people. In order to slow down the rate of population growth on the Island, the 1st step should be to slow down the growth rate of the largest ethnic group, the Han people. The Li people live mainly in rural and poor areas, and their production level has been very low. In the past 30 years, tremendous progress has been made to improve the health care and livelihood of the Li people. Before 1949, the total number of Li people was only 300,000. By 1980, the Li population had increased to more than 740,000, more than doubling the 1949 figure. This rapid population growth has helped economic development in the areas inhabited by the Li people. On the average, each household in the Li autonomous region has 5.3 children. In order to further improve the living standard of the people, family planning is needed for the Li community. The traditional belief of having more children is currently undergoing a change in the minds of the Li people. The policy of offering economic reward to those who follow family planning regulations is working, and more work is needed to curb rapid population growth.     

关于我国“民工荒”与农民工福利待遇的探讨

2004年前后在我国珠三角等地出现了"民工荒"现象,这是否意味着我国农村劳动力乡-城迁移已经接近尾声,从而农村实现土地规模化经营的时机已经成熟?本文根据托达罗模型,利用成本-收益分析法,提出这是农民进城务工收入与务农收入之间差距缩小导致的农村劳动力做出的非迁移决策.并探讨了设置农民工福利项目对劳动力市场和企业雇佣成本的影响.     

论e时代的发展

e时代悄然而至,没有大革命的激昂,没有大萧条的阵痛。这将是人类历史上一个全新的时代。人人关心e时代,讨论e时代,参与e时代的决策,不仅大有必要,大有可能,而且已是时代的必然。本文试图对e时代的缘起、趋势、物质基础和社会特征作一简要的描述。     

陕西省返贫人口特征分析与对策思考

扶贫开发,经过七年艰苦奋战,取得了初步成效,但返贫现象却十分严重。陕西省的返贫人口大致有五类,返贫的根源是人口增长导致生态失衡、人口分布不合理、人口素质偏低、人口产业结构落后、社会保障制度不健全等。     

全面二孩政策对城镇职工基本养老保险收支的影响

2016年1月1日全面二孩政策正式实施,结束了我国实施将近30年的独生子女政策.本文通过构建城镇职工基本养老保险收入和支出模型,以研究2016—2100年全面二孩政策下基本养老金收支关系的变化.研究发现,生育二孩的夫妇越多,养老统筹基金开始出现支出大于收入的年份相应地向后推移,处于支出大于收入的年份区间相应地缩小,并且,养老统筹基金的累计结余随之增加.研究进一步发现,当二孩生育比例处于10%—30%的低生育水平,在维持原财务状况不变时,基本养老保险缴费率可下降到14.44%—17.75%;处于50%—70%的中生育水平时,基本养老保险缴费率可下降到10.36%—12.10%;处于90%—100%的高生育水平时,基本养老保险缴费率可下降到8.44%—9.01%.这表明全面放开二孩政策能够改善我国养老统筹基金的收支关系,缓解养老统筹基金的支付压力,但是该政策受到生育保障力度的影响.     

新农保个人账户财政补贴激励效应研究

新农保试点的跟踪调查数据显示,与"一刀切"财政补贴方式相比,"差别化"财政补贴方式并未能比"一刀切"补贴方式更有效激励参保农民提高缴费档次选择,试点地区的多数参保农民都选择了个人账户最低缴费档次。本文利用引入新农保制度和政策信任程度的代际交叠模型,分析了个人账户"差别化"财政补贴提高参保缴费档次选择的激励效应及实现条件,并使用有序Probit模型和辽宁省调研数据对理论分析结果进行实证检验。研究发现,"差别化"财政补贴方式的激励效应以参保农民对新农保制度的信任程度和财政补贴的边际补贴水平为条件,只有在较高的政策信任程度或较高的边际补贴水平条件下,"差别化"财政补贴方式才可能有效激励参保农民提高缴费档次选择。     

Some problems with the development of the population theory since the founding of the People's Republic of China]

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the development of the population theory has experienced some setbacks. It is important to learn lessons from the past and establish a socialist population theory based on science. During the 1st 30 years of the People's Republic of China, the development of a population theory can be divided into 3 stages: 1) stage one was from 1949 to 1957 -- belief in population control on the basis of sociology; 2) stage two was from the late 1950s to early 1960s -- represented by Mr. Ma Yinchu's "New Population Theory" and the theory of the opposing side; and 3) stage Three began after the 1960s. Throughout the 1960s, studies of population theory remained stagnant, and no progress in this field was possible. In the 1970s, especially since the downfall of the "Gang of Four," the development of a population theory has entered a new stage. 3 problems with the development of the population theory discussed by the author are: 1) an evaluation of Comrade Mao Zedong's thoughts on population, 2) the division of different schools in population theory, 3) the different periods in the development of the population theory since 1949. Mao Zedong did change his thoughts on population control, but he was in favor of family planning and supported studies in population theory. Besides Ma Yinchu, Chin Da, Fei Xiaotong, Wu Jingchao and others also had their own population theories. The author emphasizes the contributions made by Mao Zedong and the Communist Party in the development of a population theory. New accomplishments and experience are expected with the downfall of the "Gang of Four."     

农民养老政策系统的协调性分析——以政策文本为研究对象

本文以国家官方网站的相关政策文件为样本,以政策支持农民养老为理念,以系统协调性为框架,实证分析了农民养老政策系统的协调性。研究结果表明：我国目前的农民养老政策系统不协调表现在主体子系统内部、客体子系统内部、主客体子系统之间、本政策系统与其他政策、本政策系统与环境等五个方面。     

苏联时期俄罗斯人向中亚迁移的因素

俄罗斯人迁移中亚经过了较长的过程,苏联时期俄罗斯人迁移中亚的因素有四1.经济因素,包括劳动力供应问题、对中亚的投资,地区之间生活水平的差异等经济活动.2.社会因素,社会的直接号召和爱国主义与浪漫主义气氛,以及俄罗斯化政策、卫国战争、大垦荒运动等使俄罗斯人迁往中亚.3.民族因素,俄罗斯人是一个流动性很强的民族,而当地居民却不愿或不能迁居到城镇去.4.无语言障碍是俄罗斯人迁移的文化因素.     

Assessment of the impact of changes related to the system transformation on the evolution of the process of mortality in Poland

"The article presents an attempt to make a quantitative evaluation of the impact of the environment on the rate of mortality, focusing on the group of stress-bearing factors that, according to some hypotheses, make up the set of potential, indirect determinants in the process of mortality. According to these opinions, the environment can be a source of different forms of stress. One stressor can be the social and economic status of individuals, being the function of the economic development of the region, another the instability of the social situation in the region. Both types of stress sources seem to be particularly adequate in the evaluation of the impact of this type of factor on the process of mortality in Poland in the period of system transformation."     

3岁以下随迁子女照料对流动女性就业参与的影响研究

本文把3岁以下随迁子女照料分为家庭照料和社会化托育服务,利用2016年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据,综合运用Probit模型、工具变量法以及交互效应检验,考察3岁以下随迁子女照料对流动女性就业参与的影响。研究结果表明,在纠正内生性偏误后,与母亲作为主要照料人相比,其他家庭照料主体参与照料对流动女性就业参与具有显著的正向作用。其中,父亲参与的照料能够使流动女性的就业概率提升约30%,而祖辈照料则使流动女性就业概率提升约58%。另外,选择社会化托育服务对流动女性就业参与也具有显著的正向作用。进一步的交互检验表明,母亲照料1-2岁和2-3岁随迁子女会使得其就业概率更低,分别是照料0-1岁随迁子女的9.4%和7.7%。     

我国产业结构高度的影响因素和变化探析

对产业结构高度的影响因素进行文献回顾后,利用误差修正模型和Chow检验对1978～2005年的经济数据进行实证分析。结果表明,产业结构高度与经济总量水平、技术进步程度、投资需求、消费需求、国际贸易结构和利用外资情况等影响因素之间存在着长期均衡关系,其中经济总量、技术进步和投资需求在短期内的影响更为明显,说明致力于这些因素的提高将促进我国产业结构高度的进一步提升。我国的产业结构高度以1992年为转折点发生了结构性的变化,说明我国市场经济体制改革对产业结构提升的重要性。     

东北老工业基地可持续发展研究——基于内生经济增长理论

东北老工业基地实施振兴战略以来,经济获得了快速发展,但是也面临着结构调整及东北版块经济整体下行的压力等一系列难点问题,到了发展的瓶颈期,如何才能进一步推动东北老工业基地可持续发展,除了依靠外在推动力外,关键在于必须形成东北老工业基地内生的经济增长机制。通过建立向量自回归VAR模型,对吉林省内生经济增长要素进行实证分析,得出只有持续增加人力资本投资和科技创新领域投入,加速科技成果转化,推动技术进步,从而实现经济增长方式由外延式向内涵式的转变,由重有形资本投入向重视无形资本投入转变,才能实现东北老工业基地经济的可持续发展。     

An inquiry concerning the regularity of the spatial distribution of the population]

A general review of the relationship between the spatial distribution of the world's population and the distribution of the forces of production is presented from the Marxist perspective. The role of man as consumer and producer, as well as the influence of population density on production and distribution, is discussed.     

高龄老人生活质量的分析

本文通过对248名八旬老人与437名七旬老人的生活质量(QOL)与生活满意度(DSL)的调查分析,发现八旬老人生活质量不如七旬老人,但生活满意度却优于七旬组;八旬老人呼吸系统与五官科疾病多见,但影响八旬老人生活质量的主要疾病是心脑血管疾病与糖尿病;婚姻状况对老人的生活满意度有重大影响.     

兰州战区已婚妇女生殖健康状况分析

通过对20339名已婚妇女生殖卫生普查资料分析,了解了兰州战区内已婚妇女的生殖健康现状,提出了不同年龄段采取相应重点的生殖健康保健措施。     

经济增长与人口发展因素相关性研究——基于人口发展方程的构造

本文从人口经济活动、人口总量、人口结构、人口素质和人口再生产等方面,通过构建人口发展方程,分析了人口发展与经济增长之间的关系．研究结论表明我国的经济增长与人口发展之间从长期看具有稳定的互动关系,短期内两者之间存在动态均衡机制。在国家人口发展战略提出坚持以人为本,推进体制创新,实现人口大国向人力资本强国的转变等要求下,当前平衡出生人口性别比,进一步控制人口自然增长率,提升人力资本价值,具有重要的现实意义。