福利经济学方法评述：兼论福利的人际之间比较问题

在经济学当中 ,福利经济学也许是最富争议性的学科之一 ,不仅福利经济学的理论框架 ,而且连福利经济学的分析方法、概念工具都成为人们争议对象。在某种意义上可以说 ,福利经济学就是在福利经济学家和其他经济学家的不断批判中发展壮大的。本文目标是对福利经济学研究方法进行一番简要评述 ,对福利经济学最薄弱的环节同时也是最有争议性的焦点———福利或效用在个人之间究竟可否进行比较进行综合分析。一、福利经济学的性质和方法(一 )福利经济学的学科属性福利经济学是从福利的角度对经济制度进行评价并提出各种政策建议的经济学 ,一般认…     

西方福利经济思想的发展演变及对我国的启示

西方福利经济学作为现代西方经济学的一个重要分支，一直都受到人们的重视。在我国改革开放30年的今天，随着经济不断发展，社会差距日益扩大，探讨福利经济学的发展演变对于指导我国的福利社会建设具有重要意义。     

平等效率论纲

在我国,社会主义福利经济学尚未建立。本文从福利经济学内蕴的平等、效率入手,着重对社会主义福利经济学进行研究。在社会主义的经济中,平等、效率究竟由哪些变量构成,相依关系又是怎样?社会主义社会福利函数能否建立,若不能建立,能否建立福利指标体系和福利指数?在帕累托最优不能实现的前提下,在次优条件下如何寻求平等效率的理论原则和现实原则?在我国现实经济条件下,如何寻找平等效率同步增长的最佳模式?本文围绕这一系列问题,进行了探索。     

社会主义福利经济学论纲

社会主义福利经济学论纲朱荣科社会主义福利经济学研究,在我国还属于正在开垦的处女地,无论从理论经济学角度还是从现实经济问题上的研究,均是如此。笔者对于社会主义福利经济学的研究,立足于社会主义生产目的应该是国民福利水平的提高,社会主义经济体制应该是混合经...     

论经济福利与政府经济行为

论经济福利与政府经济行为朱荣科一、福利经济学基本定理与政府对经济的干预自亚当·斯密的《国富论》问世使经济学成为独产学科以来，古典经济学家们都十分崇尚自由市场经济。但是，市场不是调节经济的万应灵方。为了说明市场调节经济的局限性和完全实行自由市场经济的不...     

论经济福利与个人经济行为

本文从对个人经济行为的传统划分（个人作为消费者和投资者）提出新见解入手，又重点回到个人作为消费者的侧面，对个人经济行为进行了定性与定量相结合的阐述；以消费、工资等具有不可逆性为线索研究了福利刚性，并提出了福利惯性和福利惯量的新概念。在对福利经济学长期以来悬而未决的关于基数效应（用）和序数效应（用）的争论中，作者大胆地提出了关于两者统一性的见解，指出了具有统一性的理由。最后，结合福利经济学最严肃的主题──社会选择与中国经济的现实，提出个人经济行为与社会规范的相适应与协调的具体途径。     

格伦·劳里的经济学思想评介

格伦·劳里是美国当代杰出的经济学家,善于用严谨的经济理论和经济方法来分析经济和社会问题.他在福利经济学、博弈论、产业经济学、劳动经济学、自然资源经济学与发展经济学等多个领域的研究都具有首创性和开拓性.他致力于研究种族收入不平问题,提出了一系列有效促进种族平等、完善平权措施的建议;他用博弈论的方法分析了稀缺自然资源问题、产业组织和市场结构问题;他从福利经济学的角度分析了合会的经济效益.劳里的研究是理论与现实结合的典范,他以经济学理论服务经济社会的各个方面,极大地推动了相关领域的发展和进步.本文通过对劳里的经济学研究成果的梳理和阐述,归纳总结其在种族收入不平等、资源枯竭与贸易中断、产业组织与市场结构、非正式金融机构等方面的研究和思想.     

福利经济学的伦理评价

微观经济学的主要流派——福利经济学是一种规范经济学.它以资产阶级道德标准来评价经济效果的好与坏,道德评价是以道德行为的善恶、好坏为标准,而道德标准是有阶级性的,福利经济学中的道德规范有公正分配、经济效率、自由、均等、民主等概念.     

残障研究的多学科视角及综合取向

2006年联合国通过、2008年生效的《残疾人权利公约》是面向残疾人的最全面的专门人权公约，倡导的社会模式已经成为各国立法实践与行动者倡导的立意指南。残障研究需要完成范式转换，借鉴多学科的视角，实现综合取向的实证研究。法学的人权研究、社会学的福利视角、社会工作的干预、人力资源的经济学视角，都是残障研究综合的学科基础。交叉学科（法社会学）以及注重实践的残障社会工作，将是残障研究的重要力量。残障研究要获得更大自主与自觉，还需要扎实的基础研究。     

市场经济与人文精神

市场经济与人文精神林兵市场经济与人文精神的关系问题是当前理论界讨论的热门话题。过去我们对二者的关系是从对立的两极进行研究的。经济学一般是经济规律、经济形态、经济体制以及经济运行、经济模式等理论问题，较少涉及人的问题。而哲学等人文科学则关注人的问题，探...     

Social Welfare: Availability and Delivery of Services and Benefits for Children

It is contended that social welfare legislation is principally concerned with the allocation of resources of income, wealth, position and power. Australian legislation providing welfare services and benefits for children is assessed from this perspective. It is argued that the present legislation providing income support payments for young people accords excessive weight to the promotion of economic interests of the community such as the work ethic and fails to address the social and human needs of that population. It is also contended that the structure of the child welfare services legislation is overly concerned to cater to conservative forces in society who favour social control measures designed to protect their values and interests and who resist efforts to provide a network of non-coercive preventive services. Both areas of the law are criticized on the basis that they place excessive reliance on the notion that the family unit is capable of carrying the major responsibility for income support and service provision.     

Absent Role of the State: Analysis of Social Support to Older People with Disabilities in Rural China

China is experiencing rapid population ageing and already has 44 million older people with disabilities aged over 59 years. Yet social support of these older people with disabilities is undeveloped and not well researched. This article contributes by using a disability rights framework (right to life and protection, economic security and social support) to analyze local cases in rural China. It finds that, although the family is still the main provider of economic and care support to rural older people with disabilities, the absence of a state role in welfare provision has negative impacts on the well‐being of older and younger generations in rural families.     

Work,welfare, and wellbeing: The impacts of welfare conditionality on people with mental health impairments in the UK

The personal, economic, and social costs of mental ill health are increasingly acknowledged by many governments and international organisations. Simultaneously, in high-income nations, the reach of welfare conditionality has extended to encompass many people with mental health impairments as part of on-going welfare reforms. This is particularly the case in the UK where, especially since the introduction of Employment and Support Allowance in 2008, the rights and responsibilities of disabled people have been subject to contestation and redefinition. Following a review of the emergent international evidence on mental health and welfare conditionality, this paper explores two specific issues. First, the impacts of the application of welfare conditionality on benefit claimants with mental health impairments. Second, the effectiveness of welfare conditionality in supporting people with experience of mental ill health into paid work. In considering these questions, this paper presents original analysis of data generated in qualitative longitudinal interviews with 207 UK social security benefit recipients with experience of a range of mental health issues. The evidence suggests that welfare conditionality is largely ineffective in moving people with mental health impairments into, or closer to, paid work. Indeed, in many cases, it triggers negative health outcomes that make future employment less likely. It is concluded that the application of conditionality for people with mental health issues is inappropriate and should cease.     

Charity or Entitlement? Generational Habitus and the Welfare State among Older People in North‐east England

Current UK policies aimed at reducing pensioner poverty involve targeting those in greatest need by supplementing their incomes with means-tested welfare benefits. It is believed that such policies provide more resources for those in greatest need. However, non-uptake of state welfare benefits by many older UK citizens exacerbates the widening income gap between the richest and poorest pensioners. We examine the underlying beliefs and discourses among those currently in retirement who lived through a time when welfare programmes had more of a putative abstract universalism than is now the case. Based on the narratives of people aged over 60 in North-east England, we show how the collective forces of structure and individual practice in relation to welfare accumulate over a lifetime and influence the ways in which people interact with the welfare system in later life. We find that the reasons for the apparent lack of agency among older people in relation to claiming benefit entitlements are linked to the particular social, economic and political circumstances which have prevailed at various points prior to and since the inception of the UK welfare state. We argue that the failure of some older citizens to operate as citizen consumers can be conceptualized in terms of a generational welfare 'habitus', the consequences of which are likely to exacerbate inequalities in later life.     

Symbolic purposes and factual consequences of the concepts "self-reliance" and "dependency" in contemporary discourses on welfare

To be self-reliant has been a dominant norm in Western societies since early Christianity. Today the concept has the symbolic purpose of maintaining individualism and the work ethic in capitalism and reducing dependency on the state. This article contrasts the original meaning of individual self-reliance with its contemporary use in public discourses on welfare. We demonstrate the vagueness of the term and its varying interpretations. Using examples from the United States, the United Kingdom and Norway, the article attempts to demonstrate that the hegemonic use of the concepts of self-reliance and dependency today provides ideological justifications for keeping people in poverty and outside the mainstream of life. It increases social distance and promotes marginality. The article concludes by suggesting that other ways for solving problems of balancing rights and duties of citizens have to be found in order to maintain a fair distribution of dignity and social integration.     

The Third Way and Social Welfare: The Myth of Post-emotionalism

The “passive” welfare state was accused of promoting a dependency culture. “Active” welfare and the “what works?” approach of Britain's New Labour government is allegedly implicated in an age of post‐emotionalism, in which people are largely indifferent to the needs of others and committed primarily to their personal well‐being. This article, first, seeks to extend recent debates about agency and motivation in social policy and relate them to the notion of post‐emotionalism. Second, it draws on a recent empirical study of popular and welfare provider discourses, which suggests that popular opinion can accommodate an appreciation of human interdependency, while welfare providers remain committed to a public service ethos. None the less, Third Way thinking is associated with a narrowing of solidaristic responsibilities. The problem for the future of health, social care and state welfare policies lies not with the imagined consequences of post‐emotionalism, so much as with an ideological context that perpetuates a distorted ethic of responsibility.     

Norway: relevance of the social development model for post-War welfare policy

This article examines the extent to which social policies in post-War Norway fit three key features of the social development model, namely productivism, social investment and universalism. The historical review shows that the pursuit of a social development model changes in line with economic development and the expansion of the welfare state. It reveals that policies to promote full employment have been central to the country's economic and welfare policies throughout the post-War period. Nevertheless, the extent to which the productivist objective has been emphasised and implemented has fluctuated over time. In contrast to the 1970s and 1980s, the 1990s witnessed a strengthening of the work ethic but also a continued commitment to de-commodification. The extent to which the combination of productivism and social investment is pursued is examined with reference to services for the insured and uninsured. The article concludes that the ways in which the social development perspective understands and defends universalism and social investment only partially applies to the mature Norwegian welfare state.     

Beyond the Nation State: Social Policy in an Age of Globalization

The paper proceeds from the assumption that globalization has placed significant constraints on the autonomy of nation states in the making of social policy. It argues that the post-World War II welfare state represented a social system highly successful in combining economic efficiency and dynamism with equity and solidarity. This historic achievement at the nation-state level is being undermined by economic globalization. It is both necessary and feasible to recreate and institutionalize this mixed system globally. The paper argues that the concept of social rights, which has served as the basic underpinning of the welfare state, has many weaknesses—logical as well as empirical. While the principles of civil and political rights are being consolidated and extended worldwide the principle of social rights is in decay. The paper presents the case for replacing social rights by social standards as the major concept for buttressing systems of social protection. To be applicable globally a social standard must be conceptualized as a level of social development which corresponds to an appropriate level of economic development. Finally, the paper considers the problems and prospects of developing social standards transnationally. It reviews, briefly, the nature and extent of transnational social policy-making by inter-governmental organizations and concludes that despite difficulties of global action advances towards global social standards remain possible.     

An International Comparative Study on Women's Pension Rights and Their Economic Risks

This article examined the theoretical meanings of pension rights and analyzed their effects on women's economic risks in developed countries. First, based on the status of a citizen, worker, parent, and spouse, this study investigated how pension benefits are guaranteed as a citizen regardless of work history, the degree to which women's disadvantageous situations in the labor market and unpaid work are compensated by public pension as workers and parents, and how marital status is treated in the different pension systems. Second, analysis of the effect of pension rights showed that individual rights is a significant factor to prevent economic risks of elderly women. Derived rights did not seem to secure the economic welfare of elderly women, at least in a comparative context. This finding suggested that developing individual rights, rather than derived rights, is the way to guarantee long‐term elderly women's economic welfare.