LSTAR框架下一类针对单位根原假设的F检验

在LSTAR框架下构建了检验单位根原假设的F类型统计量,并推导了其极限分布。相较于之前学者的研究,对LSTAR模型线性系数和位置参数的约束得以放松,因此更具有普适性;有限样本下的仿真模拟表明,相比较ADF统计量以及刘雪燕等(2008)提出的t统计量,F统计量在LSTAR框架下具有更大的检验势。对人民币实际汇率的PPP检验进一步印证了F检验在相关应用研究中的适用性和优越性。     

平滑转换自回归模型的单位根检验问题研究

 内容提要：针对非线性模型的单位根检验中存在的问题,本文认为非线性模型的单位根检验不应该在AR模型中进行,而应该在非线性模型中进行。以LSTAR(1)模型为例,本文给出了在其中进行单位根检验的统计量及其临界值。用蒙特卡洛试验证实,本文提出的单位根检验统计量的功效明显高于DF单位根检验,只有当非平稳特征十分明显时,DF检验才能检测出其中的单位根,因此,在非线性模型中进行单位根检验是必要的。     

STAR模型中退势单位根检验的小样本性质研究

 Kapetanios et al. (2003)和刘雪燕(2008)提出了ESTAR和LSTAR模型单位根检验的方法。本文将时间序列退势的OLS和GLS方法与他们提出的单位根检验方法结合,通过蒙特卡洛试验发现,在STAR模型中,对时间序列退势能不同程度的改善单位根检验的功效。若时间序列只存在非零均值,ESTAR模型中OLS退势存在优势;LSTAR模型,样本容量较小时（T<=50）,OLS退势的优势较明显,样本容量较大（T>100）时,GLS退势具有了微弱的优势。若序列存在非零的均值和趋势,且样本容量较小时,LSTAR模型中GLS退势的优势较明显,ESTAR模型中OLS退势的优势较明显;样本容量较大时,LSTAR模型中二者功效都很高,ESTAR模型中GLS退势的优势较明显。     

DF(ADF)检验式参数OLS估计量的分布研究

文章在构建DF(ADF)单位根检验的完整理论分析框架的基础上,利用渐近分布理论和泛函中心极限定理,对情形V的检验式中参数OLS估计量的极限分布进行了全面系统性的研究.总结了DF(ADF)单位根检验式参数统计量的分布特征,并对教据生成过程未知的时间序列的单位根检验步骤提出建议.通过这些研究,试图完善已有的单位根检验理论;同时对计量经济学研究和应用提供新的理论支持.     

STAR模型中的递归退势单位根检验研究

在STAR模型框架下,考虑时间序列具有线性确定性趋势成分,本文建立了一个递归退势单位根检验统计量,推导了其渐近分布;并在考虑初始条件情形下,对递归退势、OLS和GLS退势单位根检验统计量的有限样本性质进行了细致的比较研究。若忽略初始条件的影响,GLS退势和递归退势单位根检验统计量的检验势都显著高于OLS退势。随着初始条件的增大,GLS退势单位根检验统计量的检验势下降得比较厉害,递归退势单位根检验统计量的检验势较为稳定,且在样本量较大情形下更具优势。     

数据初始值对DF类IPS检验势的影响研究

 本文研究了DF类面板数据单位根IPS检验势受时序数据初始值的影响,推导了DF类面板单位根IPS检验统计量在局部备择假设下的极限分布和局部渐近势函数,发现了DF类面板数据单位根IPS检验统计量局部渐近势在异质性局部备择假设下是初始条件的单调递增函数;小样本Monte Carlo模拟分析结果表明,若假设初始条件为零,DF类IPS统计量的检验势将被低估。     

一类基于非参数回归的条件异方差检验

现有基于参数模型构造的条件异方差检验往往存在模型设定偏误问题。为了避免模型误设对检验结果的影响,并且同时捕获多种条件异方差现象,本文基于非参数回归构造了不依赖于特定模型形式的条件异方差检验统计量。该统计量可视作条件方差和无条件方差之间差异的加权平均,在原假设成立时渐近服从标准正态分布。数值模拟结果一方面表明本文统计量具有良好的有限样本性质,另一方面也说明条件均值模型误设会导致错误地拒绝条件同方差的原假设,凸显了本文引入非参数方法构造条件异方差检验的必要性。实证分析采用本文统计量探讨了国际主要股指收益率的条件异方差现象,得到了与Engle (1982)不同的检验结果,可能意味着股指收益率呈现出非线性动态特征。     

一种对初始值稳健的单位根检验及其应用

常见单位根检验方法对初始值都做了适当的约束,而经验研究中的数据往往由于各种冲击的存在无法满足相应的假定条件。所以,有必要讨论检验功效对初始值稳健的单位根检验方法。本文在研究初始值对单位根检验功效影响的基础上,基于Fisher统计量提出了检验功效关于初始值较稳健的组合p值单位根检验方法并研究了其小样本性质。并且,对我国CPI月环比时间序列的检验发现,随着我国宏观经济调控政策的完善,CPI逐渐趋于平稳。     

整数值时间序列模型单位根检验问题研究

非整数值时间序列单位根检验研究已趋成熟,而整数值时间序列单位根检验则刚起步.本文主要采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法对INAR(1)模型单位根检验中的DF统计量和∑Tt=1=1I{△Xt＜0}统计量进行了研究.研究发现:DF统计量渐近服从标准正态分布,有限样本情形下,该统计量的实际分布会受到样本容量与扰动项均值的影响;DF统计量不存在水平扭曲现象,能很好控制犯第一类错误的概率,由于数据生成特点,∑Tt=1I{△Xt＜0}统计量犯第一类错误的概率始终为0;DF统计量和∑Tt=1I{△Xt＜0}统计量的检验功效受到样本容量、自回归系数和扰动项均值的影响,多数情形下,∑Tt=1=1I{ △Xt＜0}统计量的检验功效高于DF统计量.     

STAR模型框架下的wild bootstrap单位根检验

考虑随机误差项存在异方差的情形,文章建立了STAR模型框架下的wild bootstrap单位根检验策略.Monte Carlo模拟研究的结果表明,若时间序列存在GARCH异方差,KSS非线性单位根检验统计量的检验水平扭曲程度要远高于线性ADF统计量,且GARCH特征越明显,扭曲程度越高.无论GARCH特征明显与否,wild bootstrap单位根检验方法都不存在检验水平扭曲,且具有理想的检验势.     

Shift in re‐randomization distribution with conditional randomization test

Proschan, Brittain, and Kammerman made a very interesting observation that for some examples of the unequal allocation minimization, the mean of the unconditional randomization distribution is shifted away from 0. Kuznetsova and Tymofyeyev linked this phenomenon to the variations in the allocation ratio from allocation to allocation in the examples considered in the paper by Proschan et al. and advocated the use of unequal allocation procedures that preserve the allocation ratio at every step. In this paper, we show that the shift phenomenon extends to very common settings: using conditional randomization test in a study with equal allocation. This phenomenon has the same cause: variations in the allocation ratio among the allocation sequences in the conditional reference set, not previously noted. We consider two kinds of conditional randomization tests. The first kind is the often used randomization test that conditions on the treatment group totals; we describe the variations in the conditional allocation ratio with this test on examples of permuted block randomization and biased coin randomization. The second kind is the randomization test proposed by Zheng and Zelen for a multicenter trial with permuted block central allocation that conditions on the within‐center treatment totals. On the basis of the sequence of conditional allocation ratios, we derive the value of the shift in the conditional randomization distribution for specific vector of responses and the expected value of the shift when responses are independent identically distributed random variables. We discuss the asymptotic behavior of the shift for the two types of tests. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

STAR非线性平稳性检验中误设定的伪检验研究

本文通过理论分析和蒙特卡洛仿真模拟,研究平稳性检验中选用的统计量与数据生成过程不一致时,非线性ESTAR、LSTAR与线性DF检验法能否得出正确的结论.研究表明,二阶LSTAR与ESTAR模型可用相同的检验方法,但前者的非线性特征更强.当数据生成过程为线性AR,或非线性ESTAR、二阶LSTAR模型时,使用DF或ESTAR检验法可得出大致正确的结论,但LSTAR检验法完全失败.数据生成过程的非线性特征越强,ESTAR较DF检验方法的功效增益越高;线性特征越强,DF的功效增益越高.当转移函数F(θ,c,zt)中θ较大导致一阶泰勒近似误差较大或c非0时,标准ESTAR与LSTAR非线性检验法失去应用条件.θ较大或c偏离0较远时,数据生成过程中线性成分增强,用线性DF检验可获得更好的检验结果.     

Highly Efficient Designs to Handle the Incorrect Specification of Linear Mixed Models

The asymptotic chi-square test for testing the Hardy–Weinberg law is unreliable in either small or unbalanced samples. As an alternative, either the unconditional or conditional exact test might be used. It is known that the unconditional exact test has greater power than the conditional exact test in small samples. In this article, we show that the conditional exact test is more powerful than the unconditional exact test in large samples. This result is useful in extremely unbalanced cases with large sample sizes which are often obtained when a rare allele exists.     

基于LSTAR模型的非线性协整检验

大量的经济理论和实践都表明,宏观经济时间序列经常会出现非平稳和非线性特征,因而在统计分析时,需要进行非线性协整检验。基于逻辑平滑转换自回归(LSTAR)模型将传统的线性协整表述方法拓展为非线性形式,构造实用的检验程序及合适的统计量,利用软件R进行蒙特卡洛模拟给出非线性协整检验统计量的临界值,并通过实际数据分析购买力平价动态系统的非线性协整关系,说明方法的有效性。     

Extreme Quantile Estimation for Autoregressive Models

ABSTRACT

A quantile autoregresive model is a useful extension of classical autoregresive models as it can capture the influences of conditioning variables on the location, scale, and shape of the response distribution. However, at the extreme tails, standard quantile autoregression estimator is often unstable due to data sparsity. In this article, assuming quantile autoregresive models, we develop a new estimator for extreme conditional quantiles of time series data based on extreme value theory. We build the connection between the second-order conditions for the autoregression coefficients and for the conditional quantile functions, and establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator. The finite sample performance of the proposed method is illustrated through a simulation study and the analysis of U.S. retail gasoline price.     

Nonparametric tests for conditional independence using conditional distributions

The concept of causality is naturally defined in terms of conditional distribution, however almost all the empirical works focus on causality in mean. This paper aims to propose a nonparametric statistic to test the conditional independence and Granger non-causality between two variables conditionally on another one. The test statistic is based on the comparison of conditional distribution functions using an L₂ metric. We use Nadaraya–Watson method to estimate the conditional distribution functions. We establish the asymptotic size and power properties of the test statistic and we motivate the validity of the local bootstrap. We ran a simulation experiment to investigate the finite sample properties of the test and we illustrate its practical relevance by examining the Granger non-causality between S&P 500 Index returns and VIX volatility index. Contrary to the conventional t-test which is based on a linear mean-regression, we find that VIX index predicts excess returns both at short and long horizons.     

Testing for Granger-causality in quantiles

This paper proposes a consistent parametric test of Granger-causality in quantiles. Although the concept of Granger-causality is defined in terms of the conditional distribution, most articles have tested Granger-causality using conditional mean regression models in which the causal relations are linear. Rather than focusing on a single part of the conditional distribution, we develop a test that evaluates nonlinear causalities and possible causal relations in all conditional quantiles, which provides a sufficient condition for Granger-causality when all quantiles are considered. The proposed test statistic has correct asymptotic size, is consistent against fixed alternatives, and has power against Pitman deviations from the null hypothesis. As the proposed test statistic is asymptotically nonpivotal, we tabulate critical values via a subsampling approach. We present Monte Carlo evidence and an application considering the causal relation between the gold price, the USD/GBP exchange rate, and the oil price.     

Nonlinear regression models with general distortion measurement errors

This paper considers nonlinear regression models when neither the response variable nor the covariates can be directly observed, but are measured with both multiplicative and additive distortion measurement errors. We propose conditional variance and conditional mean calibration estimation methods for the unobserved variables, then a nonlinear least squares estimator is proposed. For the hypothesis testing of parameter, a restricted estimator under the null hypothesis and a test statistic are proposed. The asymptotic properties for the estimator and test statistic are established. Lastly, a residual-based empirical process test statistic marked by proper functions of the regressors is proposed for the model checking problem. We further suggest a bootstrap procedure to calculate critical values. Simulation studies demonstrate the performance of the proposed procedure and a real example is analysed to illustrate its practical usage.     

Sample size calculation for testing non-inferiority and equivalence under Poisson distribution

When counting the number of chemical parts in air pollution studies or when comparing the occurrence of congenital malformations between a uranium mining town and a control population, we often assume Poisson distribution for the number of these rare events. Some discussions on sample size calculation under Poisson model appear elsewhere, but all these focus on the case of testing equality rather than testing equivalence. We discuss sample size and power calculation on the basis of exact distribution under Poisson models for testing non-inferiority and equivalence with respect to the mean incidence rate ratio. On the basis of large sample theory, we further develop an approximate sample size calculation formula using the normal approximation of a proposed test statistic for testing non-inferiority and an approximate power calculation formula for testing equivalence. We find that using these approximation formulae tends to produce an underestimate of the minimum required sample size calculated from using the exact test procedure. On the other hand, we find that the power corresponding to the approximate sample sizes can be actually accurate (with respect to Type I error and power) when we apply the asymptotic test procedure based on the normal distribution. We tabulate in a variety of situations the minimum mean incidence needed in the standard (or the control) population, that can easily be employed to calculate the minimum required sample size from each comparison group for testing non-inferiority and equivalence between two Poisson populations.