农民工就业培训调查分析

参加就业培训是农民工顺利实现非农就业的关键,调查显示:农民工受教育程度低,主要以初中、高中文化程度为主;政府部门、用人单位和农民工对就业培训的投资力度较弱,大多数农民工只能从事简单体力劳动;现有劳动力就业培训市场不规范,农民工对其表现出极大不信任;就业培训缺乏灵活性和针对性。构建以农民工、用人单位和政府部门为主体,培训机构、培训市场和就业市场相协调的就业促进型培训模式。利用这一模式,提高农民工综合素质,加大就业培训的投资力度,规范劳动力培训市场建设。     

经济转轨中国有企业就业效率的改进--基于内部劳动力市场理论的一种分析

文章从分析国有企业就业体制形成的制度背景出发,运用内部劳动力市场理论,研究国有企业在劳动用工、工资决定上的制度性特征以及内部人与外部人待遇差异对企业效率的影响,探讨国有企业就业效率低下进而对整个绩效影响的深层原因。文章认为,要提高国有企业的绩效就应重塑企业和劳动者在劳动力市场中的主体地位,打通内外部劳动力市场,建立有效的激励约束机制,让市场机制在国有企业内部劳动力市场中充分发挥调节作用。     

我国农村劳动力就业的路径选择与制度支持

农民阶层是社会地位较低表现为:农民收入明显低于其他阶层的收入;农民充分就业率低农民整体素质相对较差。橄榄型的现代社会阶层结构要求提升农民阶层社会地位。农村人力资本投资是增强农村劳动力就业竞争力,实现农村劳动力持续性就业根本性的路径选择。政府应为增加农村劳动力就业提供在人力资本投资、劳动力市场体系建设、消除对农民的歧视、社会保障制度健全等方面的制度支持。     

对转型时期建立劳动力市场的思考

资源的流动性是现代经济的重要特征,是衡量一个经济机制优劣高下的重要标志。对劳动力资源来说亦如此,现代企业制度的基本经济含义就在于增强劳动力的流动性,以达到提高就业选择效率,通过就业的有效竞争,为企业有效配置经济资源创造条件,激励职工提高劳动效率的目的。而这种风险就业制度的市场基础便是劳动力市场。我国实行的改革开放充分调动了成千上万的劳动者的积极性。然而,在劳动力市场发育水平低下且不规范的情况下,劳动力的流动存在着经济成本、心理成本、就业歧视等多方面的严重障碍。要突破这些障碍,有赖于从制度和组织上完善劳动力市场,以及相配套的住房和医疗保险等有关的社会保障制度。     

人力资本、再就业与劳动力市场建设

经济学家和社会学家一向强调人力资本在就业中的作用,但对下岗职工再就业过程的经验分析表明,下岗职工的人力资本对再就业几乎没有发挥作用,而他们的专业技能更面临着在市场中“贬值”的危险。这在很大程度上是因为当前劳动力市场制度不完善的缘故。为此,应加快市场制度建设,大力促进非国有经济发展,为职工提供更多的就业岗位,同时要加强职工的再就业培训,促进其人力资本更新,使人力资本发挥其应有作用。     

基于面板数据的城乡就业差异研究北大核心CSSCI

城乡就业差异研究由来已久,普遍的观点认为农民工更多的填补了非正规就业岗位是其就业弱势的主要标识,这一结论忽略了相同市场背景下的城乡就业差异。本文利用面板数据的随机效应模型分别对城乡劳动力就业市场选择和相同市场背景下城乡劳动力工资决定机制进行了探讨,结果显示:农民工不仅更多的填补了非正规就业岗位,而且在性质相同的非正规就业市场上,他们依然处于就业的弱势地位。因此,非正规就业不是农民工就业弱势的全部表现,劳动力市场分割(以非正规就业为标志)也不是农民工就业弱势的全部制度根源,换句话说,即使打破了城镇劳动力市场的分割,城乡就业差异也不会因此而消失.     

经济发达农村地区外来劳动力的性别差异研究

本文考察了苏南农村发达地区外来劳动力在个人特征、工作条件及收入等方面的性别差异 ,分析了女性在就业和工作中面临的不同于男性外来劳动力的待遇及其原因。主要结论有 :发达地区男女外来劳动力收入存在着较大差异 ,除了受教育程度 ,地区差异外 ,性别歧视也是一个重要原因。经济发达农村地区应当进一步规范就业制度 ,尽快消除各种限制劳动力自由流动的市场障碍 ,加强对外来劳动力的综合管理和服务 ,为劳动力的充分自由流动创造条件     

工业化力度、人口流动行为与户籍改革

本文分析了户籍制度保护二元劳动力市场的前提条件 ,通过实证研究论证了工业化乏力和劳动力市场素质门槛是限制农村劳动力进城就业的根本原因。基于人口流动行为的分析 ,阐明了户籍制度改革可能使部分率先富裕起来的农民入住集镇或中小城市 ,但并不能根本改变民工在城乡间或城市间的“钟摆式”流动特征 ,难以达到促进城市化从而促进就业转换及扩大就业的目标 ,最后是政策含义。     

中国加入WTO后的就业问题

加入WTO对中国就业的影响,既有短期问题,又有长期问题,既有就业机会问题,又有就业环境问题。从近期来看,劳动力的岗位调整要加剧;从远期来看。就业机会总体上仍然是不断增加的。因此,我们在应对加入WTO后的就业问题时,既要抓体制建设,完善政府与市场就业之间的关系;又要抓制度建设,协调劳动与资本的冲突。     

大学生就业:国外促进政策及对中国的借鉴

总体上说,大学毕业生是劳动力市场上的优势群体,但是,大学生就业的劳动力市场过程并不稳定,特别是考虑到大学生的高人力资本存量,国外都积极采取专门针对大学生的“特殊性”的就业政策。这些政策旨在更多地刺激创业精神,创造就业岗位;激励大学生到艰苦的地区与艰苦的行业从事艰苦的职业;提升大学生的就业能力,提高就业的适应性与灵活性;加强职业匹配服务,改进大学生就业的效率,以期通过在需求、供给及供求匹配等三个方面的政策干预全面促进大学生就业。这些政策无疑对中国的大学生就业政策制定具有一定的借鉴意义。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.