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1.
Stefan Felder 《Journal of population economics》2006,19(3):543-557
This paper studies the respective gender longevity gap in favour of women among singles, utilitarian and altruistic couples. The following hypotheses are derived: (1) the gender longevity gap is smaller within couples than among singles; (2) marriage increases longevity of men but decreases longevity of women; and (3) the gender longevity gap decreases with an increase in wealth. The hypotheses are tested using a complete data set of the Swiss deceased at the age 65+ in 2001 and 2002, with information on the individuals’ age at death and their average earnings over the life cycle. 相似文献
2.
Using high-quality data from Norwegian population registers, we examine the relationship between family disruption and children’s
educational outcomes. We distinguish between disruptions caused by parental divorce and paternal death and, using a simultaneous
equation model, pay particular attention to selection bias in the effect of divorce. We also allow for the possibility that
disruption may have different effects at different stages of a child’s educational career. Our results suggest that selection
on time-invariant maternal characteristics is important and works to overstate the effects of divorce on a child’s chances
of continuing in education. Nevertheless, the experience of marital breakdown during childhood is associated with lower levels
of education, and the effect weakens with the child’s age at disruption. The effects of divorce are most pronounced for the
transitions during or just beyond the high school level. In models that do not allow for selection, children who experienced
a father’s death appear less disadvantaged than children whose parents divorced. After we control for selection, however,
differences in the educational qualifications of children from divorced and bereaved families narrow substantially and, at
mean ages of divorce, are almost non-existent. 相似文献
3.
There are marked differentials in mortality risks across regions in Finland. No exhaustive explanation to this variation has
been provided, however. The aim of this paper is to analyse how geographic ancestry, as proxied by persons’ birth region and
population group, interrelates with cause-specific mortality risks. Focusing on people aged between their mid-thirties and
late-forties, we use longitudinal population register data that offer opportunities to account for variables that represent
both persons’ social background and their own social status at young adult age. Results of Cox proportional hazard models
say that these variables have substantial effects on mortality of different causes, but only a marginal impact on the variation
in death rates by birth region and population group. The geographic mortality pattern is found to be specifically prominent
for causes of death that are fairly unrelated to persons’ lifestyles. Our findings suggest that genetic predisposal as expressed
in terms of geographic ancestry might play a relevant role in understanding mortality variation within the population of Finland. 相似文献
4.
In a general-equilibrium OLG model with endogenous longevity, a political economy and a social planner solution are contrasted
mainly with respect to public supplies of health care and environment protection. The latter is relatively more supported
by the young because its beneficial effect on longevity takes more time to occur but then lasts longer; while the old relatively
prefer health spending. With population aging, political claims for health care expenditure are self-reinforcing. This framework
is able to generate a quite rich set of results. In the political economy larger health care/consumption and health care/environmental
quality ratios are implemented. Changes in risk aversion, production pollution, health inputs’ elasticity of substitution
may have opposite impacts across regimes. More complete annuity markets improve welfare. Further comparative statics is analyzed. 相似文献
5.
Optimal linear taxation under endogenous longevity 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Marie-Louise Leroux Pierre Pestieau Gregory Ponthiere 《Journal of population economics》2011,24(1):213-237
This paper studies the optimal linear tax-transfer policy in an economy where agents differ in productivity and in genetic
background and where longevity depends on health spending and genes. If agents internalize imperfectly the impact of health
spending on longevity, the utilitarian optimum can be decentralized with type-specific lump-sum transfers and Pigouvian taxes
correcting for agents’ myopia and for their misperception of health spending’s effects on the economy’s resources. The second-best
problem is examined under linear taxation instruments. It may be optimal to tax health spending, especially under complementarity
of genes and health spending in the production of longevity. 相似文献
6.
Daniela Andrén 《Population research and policy review》2008,27(2):227-238
Nowadays, with an increasingly aging population, an increasing proportion of the population on disability benefits, and an
implicitly lower level of economic output and foregone tax revenue, disability has become a major public policy issue in many
countries. Estimating both single risk and competing risks models on a Swedish longitudinal database, this study analyzes
the risk of exit from the labor market due to disability at a certain age, conditional on having remained in the labor force
until that age. The explanatory variables did not have identical coefficients across destination types. For example, the estimated
single risk model shows that a higher level of education decreased the hazard of exiting the labor market with a disability
pension, while the estimated competing risks model suggests that a higher level of education increased the hazard of exiting
with a partial disability pension, but it decreased the hazard of exiting with a full disability pension.
相似文献
Daniela AndrénEmail: |
7.
Increased mortality following the death of a spouse (the “widowhood effect”) may be due to (1) causation, (2) bias from spousal
similarity (homogamy), or (3) bias from shared environmental exposures. This article proposes new tests for bias in the widowhood
effect by examining husbands, wives, and ex-wives in a longitudinal sample of over 1 million elderly Americans. If the death
of an ex-wife has no causal effect on the mortality of her husband, then an observed association between the mortality of
an ex-wife and her husband may indicate bias, while the absence of an effect of an ex-wife’s death on her husband’s mortality
would discount the possibility of homogamy bias (and also of one type of shared-exposure bias). Results from three empirical
tests provide strong evidence for an effect of a current wife’s death on her husband’s mortality yet no statistically signifi
cant evidence for an effect of an ex-wife’s death on her husband’s mortality. These results strengthen the causal interpretation
of the widowhood effect by suggesting that the widowhood effect is not due to homogamy bias to any substantial degree. 相似文献
8.
Festus A. Ukwuani Gretchen T. Cornwell Chirayath M. Suchindran 《Journal of Population Research》2002,19(2):155-171
Mortality risks under age five are estimated using data from the 1990 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey for children
in monogamous and polygynous families. Integrating existing theories on polygyny’s relationship with infant and child mortality
and some demographic concepts, the study shows that polygyny has different effects on infant and child mortality at different
ages. The results indicate that polygyny does not have a significant effect on neonatal mortality (age less than one month).
In contrast to the results of previous research, polygyny is significantly associated with lower child mortality during the
post-neonatal period (1–11 months), but not during childhood (12–59 months). The study found socio-economic factors to be
important confounders of the relationship between polygyny and mortality during the neonatal and post-neonatal periods. The
protective effect of polygyny during the post-neonatal period suggests the need to further investigate circumstances that
may favour post-neonatal child survival in polygynous families including availability of childcare. 相似文献
9.
This paper uses household level data from National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India, the 55th round (1999–2000),
to show that for urban male children there exists significant wage incentive for schooling, though school dropout rate and
child labour incidence are not so small. The parents’ level of education plays an important role in reducing this tendency;
thus establishing the linkage between social and human capital outcomes in the family. We also look at the incidence of harmful
and manual occupations among the child labour. Mother’s education now appears as a very important factor in curbing these
incidences; supporting earlier findings that women’s empowerment (one important indicator of which would be female educational
level) is indeed instrumental in increasing parental awareness. 相似文献
10.
Child Poverty in Vietnam: Providing Insights Using a Country-Specific and Multidimensional Model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Despite a wide under-prioritization, the issue of child poverty has received increasing attention worldwide over the last
decade. The acknowledgement in Vietnam that child-specific poverty measurement is crucial for poverty efforts directed towards
children, and the current lack thereof, instigated the development of a Vietnam child poverty approach. This paper proposes
a country-specific, multidimensional and outcome-based approach for the measurement of the incidence, depth and severity of
child poverty. It does so at the level of the individual child using household survey data. The development of such an approach
at the level of the individual child presents an appropriate alternative for or supplement to the widely used monetary poverty
approach, allowing for the use of compatible analytical methods. Findings suggest that 37% of all children in Vietnam live
in poverty, with the most pressing areas of deprivation being water, sanitation and leisure. We do not find evidence for a
gender bias but do observe a large urban–rural divide, regional disparities and large ethnic inequalities. We argue that this
tailor-made approach is a valuable new tool for policy makers and analysts in Vietnam as it enables identification and analysis
of poor children, their characteristics and most pressing areas of deprivation within the country’s specific social and cultural
context. 相似文献
11.
Gregory Ponthiere 《Social indicators research》2007,84(2):203-230
Whereas period life expectancy constitutes an intuitive indicator of the survival conditions prevailing at a particular period,
this paper argues that, given the existence of welfare interdependencies, that widespread indicator is nonetheless an incomplete
measure of the longevity achievements relevant for human well-being. The central importance of coexistence for human-beings
implies that usual life expectancy measures should be complemented by joint life expectancy indicators, which measure the
average coexistence time under particular survival conditions. After a study of the theoretical foundations of ‘single’ and
‘joint’ life expectancy indicators, it is shown that joint life expectancy measures tend to enrich significantly the comparison
of longevity achievements across countries and periods. Moreover, the introduction of joint life expectancy indicators—as
a complement to conventional life expectancy measures—into multi-variable indexes such as the United Nations’ HDI is also
shown to affect international rankings of standards of living to a non negligible extent.
相似文献
Gregory PonthiereEmail: |
12.
The ‘Easterlin paradox’ holds that economic growth does not add to the quality-of-life and that this appears in the fact that
average happiness in nations has not risen in the last few decades. The latest trend data show otherwise. Average happiness
has increased slightly in rich nations and considerably in the few poor nations for which data are available. Since longevity
has also increased, the average number of happy life years has increased at an unprecedented rate since the 1950s. 相似文献
13.
Geoff Childs 《Journal of Population Research》2001,18(1):52-67
Using the family system as a framework, this study investigates the connection between old-age security concerns and aggregate
fertility in Sama and Lho, two ethnically Tibetan villages of highland Nepal. The microdemographic approach reveals a difference
in family systems between the two villages that results in Sama having a significantly lower level of fertility than Lho.
The key difference lies in the practice of Sama’s (but not Lho’s) householders of designating a daughter to be a nun, a strategy
meant to retain female labour within the household and thereby guarantee a caretaker in old age. Although the effect of this
practice on individual fertility is unclear, the comparison with Lho reveals how it sharply curtails aggregate fertility by
preventing nearly one in five women from marrying. In this case the motivation to ensure old-age security acts as an unintentional
preventive check on population growth. Comparisons with other societies illustrate how the population of Sama combines elements
of both the historical European and Asian demographic experiences. 相似文献
14.
Chang-Ming Hsieh 《Social indicators research》2008,87(1):127-137
This article seeks to extend Michalos’ [Social indicators research and health-related quality of life (QoL) research. Social Indicators Research, 65, 27–72, 2004] discussion on bridging social indicators research and health-related QoL (HRQoL) research through an examination
of (1) the relative importance of satisfaction with one’s own health to another common measure of QoL—Life satisfaction, and
(2) the relative importance of health in relation to other major life domains. Using data from two surveys, this article found
that individuals may perceive health as most important in relation to other major life domains but satisfaction with one’s
own health may not necessarily be the most important determining factor (in relation to satisfaction with other major life
domains) of QoL as measured by life satisfaction. These findings support Michalos’ (Social indicators research and HRQoL research.
Social Indicators Research, 65, 27–72, 2004) call for caution regarding the interpretation of research results on HRQoL since many HRQoL measures are measures
of satisfaction with one’s own health and should not be considered as measures of QoL. 相似文献
15.
Ying-Keung Kwan 《Social indicators research》2008,86(1):59-67
Relationships between family structure and perceived life satisfaction in overall life and five domains of the Brief Multidimensional
Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale, family life, friendships, school experience, myself, and where I live were examined among
4,502 Chinese adolescent secondary school students in Hong Kong. Bivariate analyses showed that economic status was not a
significant risk factor, but gender, level of study, and migrant status had to be controlled to examine the life satisfaction-family
structure relations. Logistic regression analyses found that in overall life, with adolescents living with two parents as
standard for comparisons, adolescents living with mother had similar life satisfaction, but those living with father only,
and those with no parents, or single parent with other adults had very much higher risk of life dissatisfaction. Specifically,
the risks associated with the adverse family structures were most excessive in the domain of ‘family life’. 相似文献
16.
Sibling composition and selective gender-based survival bias 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rubiana Chamarbagwala 《Journal of population economics》2011,24(3):935-955
We examine the relationship between the gender composition of surviving older siblings and gender differences in children’s
survival using data from the Third National Family and Health Survey (2005–2006) in India. We address the possibility of unobserved
mother-specific heterogeneity and explore the role of household wealth, parental education, and urban residence in strengthening
or weakening selective gender-based survival bias. We find that daughters’ survival disadvantage increases in the number of
older sisters and decreases in the number of older brothers they have. The opposite is true for sons’ survival disadvantage.
Household wealth, parental education, and urban residence are all found to intensify selective survival bias among daughters
and sons. 相似文献
17.
Sreenivasan Subramanian 《Social indicators research》2008,88(3):477-482
It is often argued that indicators of achievement or deprivation should be measured such that they display a property of ‘level-sensitivity’,
whereby a given change in the indicator acquires a greater significance the higher (lower) the level of achievement (deprivation)
at which the change occurs. In this note, it is shown that a level-sensitive headcount ratio of poverty can be derived from
an application of the very useful graphical device called ‘a deprivation profile’ advanced by Anthony Shorrocks (in: Jenkins
et al. (eds.) The Distribution of Welfare and Household Production: International Perspectives, 1996). 相似文献
18.
Change and continuity among minority communities in Britain 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
We compare the Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities in Britain with other ethnic minorities to ask the questions ‘are Muslims
different?’ and ‘is their behaviour changing over time?’. We look at the gender gap in education, age at marriage, marriage
from the source country and female employment. In all these dimensions we find that Muslim communities are different but also
that there is a convergence in behaviour. This is because those born in Britain generally differ markedly in behaviours from
those born in the country of origin, but also because there is change within both the UK- and foreign-born communities. 相似文献
19.
Anastasia Efklides Maria Varsami Ioanna Mitadi Dimitrios Economidis 《Social indicators research》2006,76(1):35-53
This study aimed at adapting the Questionnaire Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-89 version 1.0: Vickrey et al., 1993), Quality
of Life in Epilepsy QoLIE-89 RAND (Santa Monica, CA)] so that it may be used to measure quality of life (QoL) of older adults,
healthy or suffering from various chronic illnesses. The participants were 202 older adults recruited from the Pathology Clinic
of a general hospital in Thessaloniki, Greece, and from Community Centers for Older adults. The mean age was 71 years. Of
them, 51 suffered from diabetes, 50 from cardiovascular disease, 52 suffered from arthritis/myoskeletal diseases, and 49 were
healthy. The QOLIE-89 inventory comprises 89 items that measure 17 topics. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 3 factors,
namely, health (i.e., physical health and functioning), cognition, and social behavior. Cronbach’s α for the various topics in each group of participants ranged from 0.60 to 0.90 with a number of exceptions with very low α.
Concurrent validity was tested through correlations with measures of subjective well being, affect, life satisfaction, and
adaptation to old age. A series of ANOVAs showed differences between the healthy and the chronic illness groups of participants
but no clearcut differences between the three chronic illness groups. Further study on the adaptation of QOLIE-89 is needed
so that its potential as a general measure of QoL in older adults is determined. 相似文献
20.
Mira M. Hidajat Mark D. Hayward Yasuhiko Saito 《Population research and policy review》2007,26(2):219-234
In this paper, we lay the initial groundwork for anticipating Indonesia’s future burden of disease by developing a demographic
model of population health. We develop this model within the analytic framework of a Markov-based multistate life table model
to calculate an important indicator of the burden of disease, the expected years of active life of elderly Indonesians. The
magnitude of the gap points to the potential consequences of improvements in the nation’s educational level for the future
burden of disease. The results show that having some education increases life expectancy but it also expands the expected
years with a major functional problem. Overall educational attainment levels, however, are very low, indicating that Indonesia’s
elderly are at the leading edge of improvements in the nation’s social capacity for health. The life tables suggest that at
the early stages of development, longer life is accompanied by an expansion of morbidity. 相似文献