联盟企业的战略导向与知识获取——控制机制使用的中介与干预作用

探讨了联盟企业的控制机制使用对于其战略导向与知识获取间关系的中介与干预作用.目的在于揭示不同控制机制使用对于联盟企业的战略导向与知识获取间关系的影响效果及作用机制.通过对389家联盟企业的实证研究发现,信任控制是市场导向与知识获取的中介变量,也是企业家导向与知识获取的正干预变量;契约控制是企业家导向与知识获取的中介变量,却不是市场导向与知识获取的负干预变量.该项研究结论对于发展战略联盟管理文献、促进联盟企业的知识获取具有重要的理论价值与实践指导意义.     

联盟过程管理视角的联盟能力与联盟治理关系研究

作为企业层次的一种重要组织能力,联盟能力尽管因其显著的绩效推动力受到相当重视,但对治理决策影响的相关研究却难以推进。本文基于资源基础理论和交易成本理论,从联盟过程管理的视角,研究了联盟不同阶段企业所具有的联盟能力与联盟治理的重要关系,能为联盟企业根据所处联盟阶段具有的联盟能力来选择恰当的联盟治理策略提供依据。     

不确定性、质量安全与食用农产品战略性原料投资治理模式选择——基于中国乳制品企业的调查研究

食用农产品是食品加工企业的战略性原料,确保其质量安全是企业选择其投资交易治理模式的首要目标。食用农产品质量安全主要由两类不确定性因素造成:一是交易方机会主义行为不确定性;二是客观环境不确定性。因此,本文基于交易成本理论和期权交易治理理论,探讨了影响质量安全的这两类不确定性因素对战略性原料投资治理模式选择的综合影响,构建了一个食用农产品战略性原料投资治理的实证模型。在此基础上,根据对中国乳制品企业的调查问卷,对研究假设进行实证检验。结果表明:(1)这两类不确定性因素共同作用于农食战略性原料投资治理模式的选择,但作用方向相反。而且,客观环境不确定性对治理模式选择主效应更为明显。(2)对于我国乳制品企业而言,紧密型关系治理模式(如合作社和战略联盟)是原料奶投资的较优治理模式选择。     

契约型战略联盟的灵活性期权价值研究

当面对较高程度的不确定性时,企业可以选择契约型战略联盟作为战略投资的治理模式,根据相关不确定因素的发展变化而选择不同的合作伙伴,这样,不但确保了战略投资灵活期权价值的实现,而且此治理模式本身也具有较灵活的期权价值.契约型联盟可以分为紧密型战略联盟和松散型战略联盟.本文应用期权动态规划定价模型,对紧密型联盟治理模式和松散型联盟契约治理模式的灵活性期权价值做了模型分析,并进行了相关参数的敏感性比较.分析结果表明,在一定范围内.当战略投资相关因素的不确定性程度较高时,应该选择较灵活的治理模式,如松散型战略联盟.     

不对等契约关系与国有企业改革

把国有企业看作国家和人力资本所有者之问的一种契约．国家在契约中对人力资本实行了单边统一规制,形成了不对等契约关系．这种契约关系产生和存在与国有经济的垄断、政府追求的“赶超战略”的目标有关．不对等契约在企业外部大大地节约了交易成本,但却加大了 企业内部的交易成本．高昂的内部交易成本是过渡时期国有企业处境艰难的基本原因,因此国有企业内部契约关系改革已不容延缓     

转轨时期中国企业渠道投机行为及其治理策略研究

渠道投机行为及其治理是营销实证研究的热门课题之一。遗憾的是，传统对于渠道投机治理的研究都是以西方发达国家作为背景，我们必须结合中国的渠道实践进行投机治理理论的分析。本文融合交易成本理论、关系契约理论和投机专论，分析并检验中国法律环境适宜程度、渠道投机行为及我国渠道关系现状之间的关系。结果发现：（1）正式契约、信任对于投机的治理成效显著；（2）法律环境的适宜程度对于渠道投机的治理具有显著的影响。对于相对固定的正式契约，法律环境越不规范，其作用越不明显；而信任机制在法律环境越不规范时，作用反而越明显；（3）与已往结论不同的是，复合机制对于渠道投机的治理作用不明显。     

动态环境下联盟竞合、治理机制与创新绩效的关系研究

本文从竞合视角审视联盟组合,结合动态关系观探讨有效的联盟治理机制,揭示了联盟组合中竞合关系(横向竞合、纵向竞合)、治理机制(契约治理、关系治理)和创新绩效之间的关系,并考察了动态环境特征(技术波动、竞争强度)的二次调节作用。在不同的竞合关系中,由于合作和竞争的强度不同,契约治理与关系治理机制的作用也存在差异,同时,治理机制与创新绩效之间的关系也受到两种不同环境动态性特征的影响。研究结果显示,在纵向竞合中,运用关系治理比运用契约治理能更好地提升创新绩效,技术波动正向调节契约治理、关系治理与创新绩效间的关系。在横向竞合中,运用契约治理比运用关系治理有效,竞争强度加强了契约治理对创新绩效的影响,即关系治理在波动的环境中更有效,契约治理在竞争的环境中更有效。本文为企业开展研发联盟组合管理提供了新的视角和管理对策。     

服务企业与顾客心理契约结构研究——一项基于银行业的实证研究

本文以银行业为研究对象,在国内外心理契约研究成果基础上,通过对营销情境下顾客心理契约的概念界定,建立了服务企业与顾客的心理契约模型,探索了服务企业与顾客之间的心理契约各结构维度的组成,实证结果对转型经济背景下中国服务企业客户关系管理的战略制定具有理论参考作用。     

竞争性战略联盟外生合作效应的实证研究

由竞争对手组建的竞争性战略联盟,正逐渐成为联盟理论研究的焦点。由于这类联盟的参与企业是同行业中的直接竞争对手,所以联盟对行业结构将产生重要影响。为了评价这些影响,本文首先讨论了竞争性战略联盟能够产生的市场效应的主要内容,然后识别和归纳了这些效应的主要影响因素,最后利用国内企业的调研数据,应用结构方程模型对效应之间、效应与影响因素之间的相关关系进行了实证检验。研究结果表明,竞争性战略联盟所处的外部行业环境显著影响着联盟结构模式的选择,并对其外生合作效应发挥着部分影响作用,同时联盟的结构模式对合作效应也具有显著影响。     

企业战略联盟的期权博弈分析

本文认为,企业建立战略联盟实质上是构建了一个战略投资的期权博弈实现方式,从而可以灵活应对高度不确定的市场环境和技术研发失败的风险.企业战略投资具有高度的不确定性、不可逆性及专用性,因此不能为了降低交易成本选择一体化在企业内部的治理方式,而应根据所能实现的期权博弈战略价值,选择较灵活的治理模式(如战略联盟),以最大化实现这类投资的战略期权价值.由联盟双方对联盟资产的估价而决定的联盟期权的"市场价格"和由联盟双方讨价能力决定的联盟期权的"执行价格"共同决定了联盟期权执行时的价值;联盟期权等待的灵活性价值与博弈占先战略价值相均衡之处决定了对联盟期权执行的最佳时机.     

MNC–SME strategic alliances — A model framing knowledge value as the primary predictor of governance modal choice

This paper addresses a deficit in research on strategic alliance formation which, as noted by Gulati (1998) [Gulati, R., 1998. Alliances and networks. Strategic Management Journal 19, 293–317], has resulted in little attention being given to transaction costs and knowledge-based imperatives for alliance formation. In addition, Contractor and Ra (2002) [Contractor, F.J., Ra, W., 2002. How knowledge attributes influence alliance governance choices: a theory development note. Journal of International Management 8, 11–27] illustrated that theory on governance modal choice from the perspective of transactions costs and knowledge characteristics is underdeveloped, thereby proposing an interactive model predicting governance modal choice in an attempt to redress this imbalance. Using a multiple case study methodology the present study examines the important aspects of governance mode and knowledge exchange in strategic alliances between a multi-national corporation (MNC) and small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In doing so this paper qualifies the model proposed by Contractor and Ra (2002) [Contractor, F.J., Ra, W., 2002. How knowledge attributes influence alliance governance choices: a theory development note. Journal of International Management 8, 11–27], suggesting a model framing knowledge value as the primary predictor of governance modal choice as an appropriate framework to evaluate both the knowledge exchange relationships and governance modal choice relationships between MNCs and SMEs. Thus this paper advances theory on the motives for alliances, specifically, the effect on governance modal choice of a company's desire to acquire or access knowledge. In addition the paper furthers theory on organisational learning and absorptive capacity focusing on their influence on governance mode, in the context of management strategy.     

顾客参与公司治理与公司相互持股的比较研究

通过顾客参与公司治理与公司相互持股的比较研究,从企业战略联盟的角度,得出了顾客参与公司治理实质上是代表了一种新型的企业战略联盟类型——治理权战略联盟——的结论,它与现有的包括公司相互持股在内的股权型战略联盟和契约型战略联盟相比更具生命力和优越性。在当前经济总体上由短缺经济过渡到过剩经济、卖方市场变成买方市场的背景下,通过顾客参与公司治理的形式在供需双方间建立治理权的战略联盟必将成为越来越多企业的现实选择。     

竞合视角下高技术企业创新联盟稳定性研究

从竞合的理论视角出发,运用演化博弈理论,通过构建高技术企业创新联盟成员企业竞合关系的演化博弈模型,分析信任度、互补度、风险系数以及合作创新贴现因子等因素对创新联盟稳定性的影响,并运用Matlab对上述因素的影响进行了数值仿真。结果表明,较高的信任度和互补度可以提高联盟成员间的合作意愿,保障联盟的稳定运行;较高的合作创新贴现因子通过降低联盟成员未来收益的不确定性,增强了合作伙伴间进行长期合作的信心,维持了联盟的稳定运行;由于较高的风险系数增加了合作创新的风险成本,导致联盟成员间合作关系可能演变为竞争关系,从而阻碍了联盟的稳定发展。最后,根据演化博弈分析结果提出了相关建议。     

Cooperation governance mode: an extended transaction cost approach

This paper analyses the cooperation governance mode and possible factors affecting the choice between an equity joint venture and a contractual agreement. Although transaction cost economics (TCE) provides a workable and well-used framework within which to analyse this choice, it only captures the static transaction costs related to the two modes. This has lead to a discussion about dynamic governance costs and possible benefits related to the governance mode. The objective of this paper is to show how this extended framework differs from TCE when determining the appropriate governance mode. We use four factors related to nature of cooperation to contrast these two approaches. We collected empirical data about cooperation in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector in order to find support for these arguments. Estimates based on logistic regression analysis suggest that our dynamic governance cost and benefit perspective really provides valuable complementary insights into the traditional static transaction-cost framework when it is a question of the choice of alliance form.     

Effective cooperation modes based on cultural and market similarities in interfirm relationships

This study explores appropriate cooperation modes based on cultural and market similarities and suggests two alliance cooperation modes: 1) contractual cooperation and 2) relational cooperation. We collected secondary data from diverse sources, including the SDC Platinum, Compustat, and CRSP databases. We examined 349 alliances in high-tech industries from 2001 to 2009. We used an event study methodology to measure abnormal stock returns associated with the announcement of an alliance because it provides a forward-looking metric of expected performance. The results show that equity sharing enhances the positive effects of cultural distance on a focal firm's returns while repeated partnership exacerbates the negative effects of product market similarities on a focal firm's returns. This research contributes to alliance literature, providing explanation for choosing an appropriate cooperation mode considering both transaction cost economics (TCE) and a resource-based view (RBV). This study suggests that the effect of a contractual or relational cooperation mode depends on the competitive or cooperating role of similarity. Additionally, our study tries to provide guidelines for managers in selecting an appropriate cooperation mode depending on the relationship characteristics of the two companies.     

Agent and Task Complexity in Multilateral Alliances: The Safeguarding Role of Equity Governance

Multilateral alliances are an inherently complex organizational form; managing these complexities is particularly difficult for alliance partners because alliances are plagued by both internal and external uncertainty. Using insights from transaction cost economics, our study identifies, articulates and tests different forms of alliance complexity and their impacts on alliance governance structure. Specifically, we investigate two forms of alliance complexity: agent and task. We decompose agent complexity into organizational and partner complexity, and decompose task complexity into geographic, transaction and technological complexity. Using a sample of 327 trilateral alliances, the most frequent form of multilateral alliances, we find that three forms of alliance complexity involving internal uncertainty (organizational, partner and technological complexity) favor equity-based governance, whereas external uncertainty in the form of geographic complexity discourages equity-based governance.     

Alliance governance choices: Disentangling the effects of uncertainty and alliance experience

This article analyses the interaction between alliance experience and behavioural uncertainty to improve our understanding of alliance governance. We investigate the extent to which the effect of alliance experience on governance choices is explained by a reduction in “mundane” transaction costs or by a reduction in “opportunistic” transaction costs. Based on more than 12,000 firm experiences with equity and non-equity alliances, we demonstrate a reduction in mundane transaction costs over time by firms reusing the same governance structure in successive alliances. We also find that in high behavioural uncertainty alliances, firms rely on their experience as a substitute for equity governance to reduce opportunistic transaction costs.     

IT治理与我国国防科技组织发展创新

加快信息化发展、提高信息化建设水平,进而保证国防能力稳定提高是我国国防科技组织发展与创新的重要目标,而在研究如何实现这一目标的过程中,"IT治理"问题越来越突出.本文从交易成本经济学、契约理论、嵌入理论出发,对IT治理的多层性特征等问题进行分析,试图建立IT治理的分析框架,探讨IT治理机制的特征,进而制定战略和具体执行措施,从制度上保证我国国防信息化建设的成功.     

How to govern business services exchanges: Contractual and relational issues

With firms concentrating on core competencies, more emphasis has been placed on outsourcing and dealing with external sourcing agents. This has led to a stronger academic focus on buyer–seller exchanges and the corresponding mechanisms for governing these exchanges. This paper gives an overview of previous research investigating the exchange governance phenomenon based on transaction cost theory or co‐operative interorganizational relationships. The results reveal that few research studies have investigated the overall picture of exchange governance, including both contractual and relational governance and taking into account antecedents as well as performance outcomes of the governance mechanisms involved. Moreover, despite the service‐dominant logic shift, limited attention is given to specific service characteristics and their impact on exchange governance. This paper attempts to meld economic and social related antecedents into a model with regard to exchange governance in business services settings. Contractual and relational governance issues and their impact on performance outcomes are also considered. The resulting model indicates that to govern business services exchanges efficiently, more emphasis should be placed on behavioral uncertainty, human and process asset specificity and contractual governance. The paper concludes by discussing several directions for future research.