Adopting a Realistic Attitude Towards History and Drawing on Experience──A Survey of the Symposium on the History of Examinations in China

Chinaisthetraditionalhomeofexaminations'TheschoolandimperialexaminationsofancientChinahadafar-reachinginfluenceonChinesesocialandhistoricaldevelopmentandcontemporaryWesterncivilserviceexaminations.Inordertoinvestigatethelawsgoverningtheorigin,developmentandevolutionofexaminations,tosummarizehistoricalexperiencesandlessonslearned,topromotetheoreticalresearchonexaminationsandbetterservetheexaminationreformsnowunderway,aSymposiumontheHistoryofExaminationsinChinawasheldinBeijinginMayl998.Pre…     

A Look at the Future of Studies on the History of Literature—Commentaries on the '95 Hong Kong International Symposium on "Reflections on the History of Chinese Literature

Aninternationalsymposiumon"ReflectionsontheHistoryofChineseLiterature"washeldfrom13to15October1995inHongKongandhostedbytheDepartmentofHumanities,HongKongUniversityofScienceandTechnology.AmongthosewhoattendedthesymposiumwerescholarsfromthemainlandofChina,t…     

Anthologies and Annotations as Dynamic Forces in the Movement of Literary History

ⅠChineseliteratureisrichinanthologiesandthecollectedworksofindividualwriters.Sincetheyarepartoftheculturalrecordofpastages.themeaningreadintotheirtextsbylatergenerationsandtheirsocialrelevancetotheirtimesarethekeyfactorsintheiradmittancetothenation'schainofculturaldevelopment.Theproblemisthatreadersoflatergenerations,asindividuals,holddifferentattitudes,andtheneedsoffuturesocietiescanhardlybeforeseenwithanyaccuracy.Thismakesitalmostimpossibletopredictwhetheranauthorwillbereadandappreciatedinl…     

A Study on Low Fertility─Supplement to and Development of the Theory of Demographic Transition

Ⅰ.ShouldthePhenomenonofLowFertilityBeStudiedTheoreticallyandinPracticeorNot?Afteradramaticfallinfertilityinthe1970sandafluctuatingbutslowerfaIlinthe1980s,newfeaturesrelatedtothetotalbirthratehavebeennotedinthefirstfiveyearsofthe1990s,i.e.,moreandmoreprovinces,municipalitiesandautonomousregionsinChinaareapproachingorhavebeguntoexperiencenegativepopulationgrowth.Nationwide,thebirthratehasdroppedfrom2.31birthsperwomanin1990to2.00in1992(alreadyunderthereplacementlevelof2.1).In1992,twenty-onep…     

Gao Huaping:Evolution of the Buddhist Doctrineand the New Literary Style

FromthelateJin(265-420)andearlySong(420-479)period,Chineseliteraturegraduallybegantodisplaynewideologicalcontent,modesofexpression,andaestheticstandards.Thisnewtrendowedmuchtochangesintherelativestatusofxuansue(lit.profoundlearning,thenameofaphilosophicalsectduringtheWeiandJindynasties)andBuddhistdoctrines,andtheirinfluenceonmodesofthoughtandcognition,especiallyastheyrelatedtotheconceptoflandscapepaintingandthewritingsoftheliterati.IntheJinandSongdynasties,acrisisarosebecausetheemphasisplac…     

The Intellectual Conversion of the Creative Subject──An Approach to Chinese Literature in the New Age

IThe Class Monitor (Banzhuren ) marked a new era in Chineseliterature, and is significant as the first indicator of the intellectualawakening of writers as the creative subject. As the nation denounced the"Gang of Four" who plotted to seize the highest authority, writersreflected in their works of fiction that the worst disaster was the loss ofindividuality and creativity. This sober, reasonable judgement madefiction appear to shine with rationality amidst the emotional upheavals ofthe time.…     

A New Opinion on Zhang Zhidong and Preparations for Constitutionalism at the End of the Qing Dynasty

HistorianshavealreadyreachedaconclusiononZhangZhidong'sestablishmentofaneweducationsystemandhistrainingofanewarmy.However,mostresearchersdenyZhang'sinvolvementwiththepreparationsforconstitutionalismattheendoftheQingdynasty.TheybelievethatZhangZhidongopposedcivilrightsandwasuninvolvedinthepreparationsforaconstitutionalmonarchy.Inactualfact,ZhangZhidongwasanimportantmemberofthehigherechelonsoftheQingcourtwhourgedtheEmpressDowagerCixitowardsthepracticeofconstitutionalgovernment.I.TheDevelop…     

Preface to A General History of Chinese Chan

ThereligioussectofChan(Zen)worshipPednoidols,norbelievedinanyexternaldeityorheavenlykingdom.Inthisrespect,Chancouldbesaidtobeuniqueamongtheworld'sreligions.ChanalsoclaimedtohaveaseparateheritagefromtheBuddhistreligion,theydeniedtheBuddhistcanon,theBuddha'sauthority,andeventheexistenceoftheBudd ha,bodhiSattvasandthePureLand.MembersoftheChansectbelievedonlyinziXin("ownmind").ZiXin,theessenceofseIf,wastheonlyobjectofdeificationoftheChansect,andtheonlyfoundationofitsbelief.Thehistoryofthisu…     

Corporate-monopoly Capitalism─An Analysis of the Japanese Model

This paper will attempt to define and analyze the Japanese model ofcorporate-monopoly capitalism, and to explain corporate-monopolycapitalism in Japan based on the fundamental tenets of Marxism.I. The Basic Definition of Corporatemonopoly CapitalismIn this paper I use the following definitions of monopoly capitalismbased on the fundamental tenets of Marxism as a logical starting pointand basis for analysis. I view the Japanese model as an institutionalmodel, a specific model of monopoly ca…     

A Sociological Report on the Present Conditions of the “New Group of the Unemployed”

The fixed pattern of thought in stud- ies on laid-off workers and unemployment over recent years is that in talking about this problem people tend to refer only to laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises, or at most include those from enterprises that were originally collectively owned. However, there exists in our society another huge group of the unemployed, known as the “new group of the unemployed,” which has received little attention. For the members of this group we lack not only…     

Report on a Research Experiment on the Independent Sentencing Procedure： A Sample from the Wuhu Model＊

量刑规范化是中国刑事审判量刑程序改革的重要问题。根据量刑程序改革试点所获得的材料,运用严格科学的经典实验法,通过综合比对与配对比对测试隔离式量刑程序的实施效果,发现隔离式量刑程序具有可行性。它不仅有助于显著提高量刑过程的透明度,更利于增加法官获取、采纳量刑信息的数量与比率。虽然程序参与主体对隔离式量刑程序的满意程度没有达到预想高度,但一审量刑程序结果的合法性与合理性更优。同时,隔离式量刑程序有助于合议庭功能的实质化,可被视为未来深化庭审改革的重要突破口。但调查结果也发现,实验过程中律师作用的发挥不够理想,需要进一步加以完善。     

A History of the sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

TheSino-JapaneseWarof1894-1895wasanepoch-makingeventinthehistoryofmodernChina.ThoughChinesehistorianshavemadeconsiderableachievementsinthestudyofthishistoricaleventafterthefoundingofnewChinain1949,asystematicanddetailedhistoryofthiseventhasalwaysbeensomethingtobedesired.AHistoryoftheSino-JapaneseWarof1894-1895(hereafterSinoJapaneseWar),writtenbyQiQizhang,hasblazedatrailinthisfield,pushingforwardthestudyofthisPeriod.Thebookcanbecharacterizedinfourways.Ⅰ.AWide-RangingCollectionofSoundD…     

The Asiatic Mode of Production in World History Perspective： From a Universal to a Particularistic View of History

关于马克思“亚细亚生产方式”的讨论,实质是普遍史观和特殊史观的关系问题。马克思立足于世界历史的视角,对亚细亚生产方式的思考和建构,经历了一个从普遍史观到特殊史观的过程;而从俄国革命所提供的“俄国道路”与“俄国方式”到斯大林的社会发展“五形态说”,恰恰经历了一个从特殊史观到普遍史观的回归。在建构中国史观的过程中,中国历史发展模式和现实发展经验、马克思社会形态理论和晚年东方社会思想以及俄国十月革命所开启的“俄国道路”和“体制嬗变”是三个不可或缺的重要元素。     

A Summary of a Symposium on Chinese Culture at the Turn of the Century

ASymposiumonChtheseCultureattheTurnoftheCentury,"sponsoredbythePhilosophyandCultureResearchInstituteundertheSichuanAcademyofforialSciences,washeldattheacademyon26oCtober1995.Scholarsatthesymposiumexaminedthetopicfromamacroscopicperspective,andinaccofdance…     

A “Symptomatic Reading” of the Mass Culture Critique and Its Implications for the Reconstruction of Contemporary Chinese Literary Theory

The critique of mass culture is a core theory of the Frankfurt School. Entering China in the early 1990s, this critique enjoyed an initial but brief acclaim. As an over-reaction and over-interpretation stemming from painful historical memories, it tended to impede the impartial assessment of mass culture and the culture industry, resulting in obvious theoretical blind spots and gaps and making a “symptomatic reading” necessary. Today, the Frankfurt School’s critique of mass culture is still of value and significance as an intellectual resource and historical reference, but it warrants further scrutiny when used to analyze practical issues. Given the burgeoning of mass culture and the cultural industry presently under way in the Chinese market economy, we should rise above previous intellectual limitations and theoretical misunderstandings to give due weight and active encouragement to the positive energy of mass culture and the cultural industry. The construction of Chinese literary discourse has its own distinctive pattern, and must orient itself toward China and the contemporary era, and particularly toward the practical development of contemporary China in the current period of transition. The academic counterpart of this is a three-dimensional platform consisting of level of thought, value concepts, and Chinese characteristics.     

Racing to Theory or Retheorizing Race? Understanding the Struggle to Build a Multiracial Identity Theory

Empirical research on the growing multiracial population in the United States has focused largely on the documentation of racial identification, analysis of psychological adjustment, and understanding the broader political consequences of mixed-race identification. Efforts toward theory construction on multiracial identity development, however, have been largely disconnected from empirical data, mired in disciplinary debates, and bound by historically specific assumptions about race and racial group membership. This study provides a critical overview of multiracial identity development theories, examines the links between theory and research, explores the challenges to multiracial identity theory construction, and proposes considerations for future directions in theorizing racial identity development among the mixed-race population.     

The Tri-Party Model──A New Approach for Transforming Farming into Big Business The Research Team For the Industrialization of Farming

Asitsnan1esuggests,theTri-partymodelinvolvestheparticipationofthreegroupstadevelopmentcompany'thefarmsthemselvesandurbanresidents.whosharetheil1vestment,risksal1dprofitsinanewapproachtofarmoperatiol1.1.TheEmergenceofThisModelandItsSi9nificanceThismodelfor…     

The Tortuous Path to Modernization for Chinese Theater─A Retrospective Review of the 20th Century Development of Chinese Theater

TheprocessofmodernizationinChinesetheaterbeganattheturnofthiscentury,andthroughoutthecenturytherehasbeenageneraltrendtowardspluralismanddiversityininternationaltheater.Againsttheback-dropofsuchaninternationaltrend,whatpositivechangeshavetakenplaceinChinesetheater,or,tophrasethequestionanotherway,whatkindofradicalchanges,namelythoseinvolvingculturaltransformation,haveoccurredintraditionalChinesedrama,andwhatwerethefactorsmotivatingsuchchanges?Havingponderedoverthesequestions,Ihavecometorealize…     

A Review of and Prospects for Ding Ling Studies in the New Period

I.AGeneralEvaluationofDin9Lin9StudiesintbeNewPeriodDingLingstudieswentthroughtwostagesinthefifteenyearsbetween1979and1994.ThefirststageconsistedoftheeightyearsimmediatelybeforeDingLingpassedaway,thatis,from1979to1986.Researchatthattimefocusedmainlyonremov…