Changes in Sexual Distress,Depression and Sexual Function after Clitoral Reconstruction in Women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting

Abstract

Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) links health complications and psychological distress. However, there is scarce literature on how women with FGM/C respond to treatment interventions. Objective: In this study, we aimed to assess changes in depression symptomatology, sexual function, and distress following clitoral reconstructive surgery combined with a psychoeducational intervention. Methods: The reconstructive surgery consisted of recovering the remaining clitoris and placing it externally and as close to the vagina as possible. FGM/C patients (n?=?27) received psychological support and sexual counseling upon undergoing the surgical intervention and were further assessed at 6-month follow-up. Moreover, they completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the Female Sexual Distress Scale Revised at these two time points. Patients’ sexual dysfunction was assessed according to DSM-5 criteria. Results: Statistically significant clinical changes after FGM/C were reported. Overall, patients presented reduced depression and sexual distress levels, and decreased female sexual interest/arousal disorder prevalence. Results also revealed that sexual distress improvements were more significant in Type I FGM/C patients. Conclusions: Significant improvements in sexual distress, psychopathology, and sexual function were observed in our sample following reconstructive surgery, suggesting that combined interventions are effective for treatment.     

Review Essay: On Wayne Booth

Booth, Wayne C. (2004). The rhetoric of rhetoric: The quest for effective communication.Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Booth, Wayne C. (2006). My many selves: The quest for a plausible harmony.Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Edited by C. Kirkpatrick, R. Clarke and C. Polidano Handbook on Development Policy and Management Jane A. Pryer Poverty and Vulnerability in Dhaka Slums: The Urban Livelihoods Study Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen IQ and the Wealth of Nations Edited by Sara Oldfield The Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation John Degnbol‐Martinussen and Poul Engberg‐Pedersen Aid: Understanding International Development Cooperation Jules Pretty Agri‐Culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature     

Measurement of the sexual health and wellbeing of women who have undergone female genital mutilation/Cutting: A scoping review

Objective: We conducted a scoping review to identify and assess instruments used to measure sexual health and wellbeing in women who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). Method: We retrieved and assessed 10 validated instruments using an 18-item checklist derived from the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Status Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. Results: All instruments were developed and initially validated among literate, predominantly Caucasian participants in North America and Europe. Only 1 validation study was conducted among women living with FGM/C. Conclusion: Most instruments only measured sexual functioning. Findings underscore the need to validate instruments appropriate for use among FGM/C survivors.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: United States Development Assistance Policy: The Domestic Politics of Foreign Economic Aid. By Vernon W. Ruttan Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform 1978–1993. By Barry Naughton The Rise and Fall of Development Theory. By Colin Leys Non-Governmental Organizations and Rural Poverty Alleviation. By Roger C. Riddell and Mark Robinson, with John De Coninck, Ann Muir and Sarah White The North, the South and the Environment: Ecological Constraints and the Global Economy. Edited by V. Bhaskar and Andrew Glyn Industrialisation and Agricultural Surplus: A Comparative Study of Economic Development in Asia. By Massoud Karshenas Regional Trading Arrangements Among Developing Countries: The ASEAN Example. By Dean A. DeRosa Africa Now: People, Policies, Institutions. Edited by Stephen Ellis Dimensions of Development with Emphasis on Africa. Edited by Tekeste Negash and Lars Rudebeck The Underdevelopment of Development: Essays in Honor of Andre Gunder Frank. Edited by Sing C. Chew and Robert A. Denemark Promoting Development: Effective Global Institutions for the Twenty-first Century. Edited by Jo Marie Griesgraber and Bernhard G. Gunter Asian Economies in Transition: Reforming Centrally Planned Economies. By Richard Pomfret The Response: GATT and Global Free Trade. By Sir James Goldsmith Environmental Valuation: New Perspectives. Edited by K. G. Willis and J. T. Corkindale Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity. By Lester R. Brown and Hal Kane Exchange Rate Parity for Trade and Development: Theory, Tests, and Case Studies. By Pan A. Yotopoulos IMF Programmes in Developing Countries: Design and Impact. By Tony Killick. Development Policy Studies series IMF Lending to Developing Countries: Issues and Evidence. By Graham Bird. Development Policy Studies series Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. Edited by C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann Moving to the Market: The World Bank in Transition. By Richard W. Richardson and Jonas A. Haralz Water and the Quest for Sustainable Development in the Ganges Valley. Edited by G. P. Chapman and M. Thompson The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development. Edited by John Harriss, Janet Hunter and Colin M. Lewis The New Struggle for Democracy in Africa. By John Wiseman Democratization in South Africa: The Elusive Social Contract. By Timothy D. Sisk Money-Go-Rounds: The Importance of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations for Women. Edited by Shirley Ardener and Sandra Berman Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development. Edited by Barbara Stallings     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Dynamics in Farming System: Changes in the Time and Space in Sukumaland, Tanzania. By H.C.C. Meertens, L. J. Ndege, and H.J. Enserink. Liberalised Development in Tanzania. Edited by Peter Gibbon. Gender, Family and Household in Tanzania. Edited by Colin Creighton and C.K. Omari. Community Empowerment: A Reader in Participation and Development. Edited by Gary Craig and Marjorie Mayo. Managing to Empower: The Grameen Bank's Experience of Poverty Alleviation. By Susan Holcombe. Participatory Development Tool Kit: Materials to Facilitate Community Empowerment. By Deepa Narayan and Lyra Srinivasan. Gender and Slum Culture in Urban Asia. By Susanne Thorbek. Women and Empowerment: Participation and Decision Making. By Marilee Karl. The Oxfam Gender Training Manual. By Suzanne Williams with Jan Seed and Adelina Mwau. The Third World in Global Environmental Politics. By Marian Miller. Westernizing the Third World: The Eurocentricity of Economic Development Theories. By Ozay Mehmet. The Politics of Global Atmospheric Change. By Ian H. Rowlands. Economic Progress and the Environment: One Developing Country's Policy Crisis. By Douglas Southgate and Morris Whitaker. Survival in the Sahel: An Ecological and Developmental Challenge. Edited by K.M. Leisinger, K. Schmitt and ISNAR. States and Economic Development: A Comparative Historical Analysis. By Linda Weiss and John M. Hobson. Manufacturing for Export in the Developing World: Problems and Possibilities. Edited by G.K. Helleiner.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books review in this article: Essays in the Theory of Society by Ralf Dahrendorf Thorstein Veblen edited by Carlton C. Qualey Teachers as Counsellors by Alick Holden Demographic Analysis by Bernard Benjamin The City in Newly Developing Countries: Readings on Urbanism and Urbanization edited by Gerald Breese The Sixth Form and College Entrance by R. N. Morris Child Care: Needs and Numbers by Jean Packman Regional and Urban Studies edited by Sarah C. Orr and J. B. Culling-worth Middle Class Families by C. R. Bell Group Dynamics: Research and Theory edited by D. Cartwright and A. Zander Regional Policy in Britain by G. McCrone The Half-Shut Eye by John Whale Social Work with Groups by Helen Northen Human Motivation by M. D. Vernon Technological Growth and Social Change by S. A. Hetzler The New Towns: The Answer to Megalopolis by Frederic J. Osborn and Arnold Whittick Principles of Demography by D. J. Bogue British Management Thought by John Child     

Book Reviews

The Case for Marriage: Why Married People are Happier, Healthier, and Better Off Financially. Linda J. Waite & Maggie Gallagher. Families as Relationships. Robert M. Milardo & Steve Duck (Eds.). Redefining Family Policy: Implications for the 21 st Century. Joyce M. Mercier, Stephen B. Garasky, & Mack C. Shelley II (Eds.). Why Parents Matter: Parental Investment and Child Outcomes. Nigel Barber. Earning and Caring in Canadian Families. Roderic Beaujot. Who Owns Domestic Abuse?: The Local Politics of a Social Problem. Ruth M. Mann. The Dynamics of Adoption: Social and Personal Perspectives. Amal Treacher & Ilan Katz (Eds.). Aging in East and West: Families, States, and the Elderly. Vern L. Bengtson, Kyong‐Dong Kim, George C. Myers, & Ki‐Soo Eun (Eds.). Who Should Care for the Elderly? An East‐West Value Divide. William T. Liu & Hal Kendig (Eds.).     

Book Reviews/Comptes rendus

Book reviewed in this article: Helen c. Abell, Rural Families and Their Homes. Carle C. Zimmerman and Garry W. Moneo, The Prairie Community System Anthony H. Richmond, Research Report: Ethnic Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Toronto. Carle C. Zimmerman and Richard E. Duwors (eds.), Sociology of Underdevelopment. D. I. Davies and Kathleen Herman (eds.), Social Space: Canadian Perspectives. Thomas A. Hockin (ed.), Apex of Power: The Prime Minister and Political Leadership in Canada Harold Kalant and Oriana Josseau Kalant, Drugs, Society and Personal Choice. C. F. Grindstaff, C. L. Boydell, and P. C. Whitehead (eds.), Population Issues in Canada. W. E. Mann (ed.), Social Deviance in Canada. Jean Leonard Elliott (ed.), Minority Canadians, volume 1. Native Peoples. Jean Leonard elliott (ed.), Minority Canadians, volume 2. Immigrant Groups. John R. Hofley and Paul N. Geisel, Men on Relief. A Study of 440 Unemployed Men Receiving Social Assistance in Edmonton, Winnipeg, and Ottawa. Michael Bliss, ed., The Wretched of Canada. Letters to R. B. Bennett 1930–1935.     

Changing the Face of Nonprofit Management

High‐Performance Nonprofit Organizations: Managing Upstream for Greater Impact, by Christine W. Letts, Allen Grossman, and William P. Ryan. Wiley, 1998. 207 pp. $29.95 cloth. Mission‐Based Management: Leading Your Not‐for‐Profit into the Twenty‐First Century, by Peter C. Brinckerhoff. New York: Wiley, 1998. 258 pp. $51.95 cloth. Financial Empowerment: More Money for More Mission, by Peter C. Brinckerhoff. New York: Wiley, 1998. 238 pp. $51.95 cloth. Mission‐Based Marketing: How Your Not‐for‐Profit Can Succeed in a More Competitive World, by Peter C. Brinckerhoff. New York: Wiley, 1998. 214 pp. $51.95 cloth.     

Effect of ageing on the efficacy efficiency of TUVRP

Introduction: To evaluate the effect of ageing on the efficacy of transurethral vaporization resection of the prostate (TUVRP). Methods: The clinical outcomes of 285 patients treated by TUVRP were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups by age, Group A with 91 patients less than ≤70 years of age, Group B with 127 patients from 71 to 79 years of age, and Group C with 67 patients greater than ≥80 years of age. Results: Prostate volume was 53.1?±?24.1?ml in Group A, 67.8?±?39.7?ml in Group B and 60.0?±?43.9?ml in Group C (p < 0.001). More co-existent systemic diseases were identified in Group C than in the other two groups (p < 0.001). American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade increased with age (p < 0.001). Urological comorbidities associated with BPH, operating time, IPSS score, and QOL index were not different among the three groups. A significant difference was observed in before and after surgery IPSS score, QOL index, and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), in all three groups (p < 0.05). Post-operative Qmax decreased with age (p < 0.05). Conclusion: TUVRP was safe and effective for the patients greater than 80 years of age, similarly to younger patients. Advanced aged was not a contraindication for surgery, and did not increase the difficulty of the procedure.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Behavioral Sociology: The Experimental Analysis of Social Process by R. L. Burgess and D. Bushell, Jr. Balance in Small Groups by Howard F. Taylor. Racial Violence in the United States edited by Allen D. Grimshaw. The Education of Borstal Boys by Erica Stratta. The Sociology of Religion: A Study of Christendom, IV, Types of Religious man by Werner Stark. Men in Mid-Career: A Study of British Managers and Technical Specialists by Cyril Sofer. The Family and the Handicapped Child: A Study of Cerebral Palsied Children in Their Homes by Sheila Hewett. The Assessment of Social Research: Guidelines for the Use of Social Research in Social Work and Social Science by Tony Tripodi, Phillip Fellin and Henry J. Meyer. The Conditions of Social Performance: an Exploratory Theory by Cyril S. Belshaw. Families and Their Relatives: Kinship in a middle-class sector of London by r. Firth, Jane Hubert and A. Forge. The Population Census: A Social Science Research Council Review by Bernard Benjamin. Introduction to Social Work by R. Bessell. Theories of Social Psychology by M. E. Shaw and P. R. Costanzo. Put Away: A Sociological Study of Institutions for the Mentally Retarded by Pauline Morris. City Lads in Borstal: A Study Based on 100 Lads Discharged to Addresses in Lverpool by D. M. Lowson. Science, Industry and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Science by Stephen Cotgrove and Steven Box. Interaction Concept of Personality by Robert C. Carson. Hightown Grammer: The School as a Social System by C. Lacey. Causes of Delinquency by T. Hirschi. Towards a Sociology of the Cinema: A Comparative Essay on the Structure nd Fnctioning of a Major Entertainment Industry by I. C. Jarvie.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: International Development: Mestrovic , Stjepan G., with Miroslav Goreta, and Slaven Letica. The Road from Paradise: Prospects for Democracy in Eastern Europe. International Development: Presley , Cora Ann . Kikuyu Women, the Mau Mau Rebellion, and Social Change in Kenya. International Development: Ekins , Paul . A New World Order. International Development: Bernstein , Henry , Ben Crow , and Hazel Johnson (eds.). Rural Livelihoods: Crises and Responses. International Development: Cancian , Frank . The Decline of Community in Zinacantán. International Development: Lewis , Suzanne Grant , and Joel Samoff (eds.). Microcomputers in African Development: Critical Perspectives. Sociology of Agriculture: Bonanno , Alessandro (ed.). The Agricultural and Food Sector in the New Global Era. Sociology of Agriculture: Tweeten , Luther , Cynthia L. Dishon , Wen S. Chern , Naraomi Imamura , and Masaru Morishima (eds.). Japanese and American Agriculture: Tradition and Progress in Conflict. Sociology of Agriculture: Hamlin , Christopher , and Philip T. Shepard . Deep Disagreement in U.S. Agriculture: Making Sense of Policy Conflict. Sociology of Agriculture: Bowler , I. R., C. R. Bryant , and M. D. Nellis (eds.). Contemporary Rural Systems in Transition (vol. 1): Agriculture and Environment. Sociology of Agriculture: Fliegel , Frederick C. Diffusion Research in Rural Sociology: The Record and Prospects for the Future. Sociology of Agriculture: Goreham , Gary A., David L. Watt , and Roy M. Jacobsen (eds.). Sociology of Agriculture: Attebery , Louie W. Sheep May Safely Graze: A Personal Essay on Tradition and a Contemporary Sheep Ranch.     

The why and how of volunteering

Volunteers: A Social Profile, by Marc A. Musick and John Wilson. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. 680 pp., $39.95 cloth. The Decision to Volunteer: Why People Give Their Time and How You Can Engage Them, by Beth Gazley and Monica Dignam. Washington, D.C.: ASAE and the Center for Association Leadership, 2008. 144 pp., $89.85 paper. Challenges in Volunteer Management, edited by Matthew Liao‐Troth. Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age, 2008. 292 pp., $73.99 cloth, $39.99 paper.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Campus Power Strggle edited by Howard S. Becker. Theory Construction: From Verbal to Mathematical Formulations by H. M. Blalock. Personality and Religion: The Rôle of Religon in Personality Development edited by William A. Sadler Jr. Social Relations in a Secondary School by David H. Hargreaves. Society and Economic Growth: A Behavioural Perspective of Social Change by J. H. Kunkel. Sociology, Histroy and Education: A Reader edited by P. W. Musgrave. Social Research and Social Policy by Howard E. Freeman and Clarence C. Sherwood. The Emergence of Society by C. K. Warriner. The Philosophy of Social Science by Alan Ryan. Television and Delinquency by J. D. Halloran, R. L. Brown and D. C. Chaney. Foster Care: Theory and Practice by V. George. The Sociological Study of Religion by R. Scharf. Basic Readings in the Sociology of Education edited by D. F. Swift. Social System and Time and Space by J. Kolaja. I Data Bases, Computers, and the Social Sciences edited by R. L. Bisco. II Cluster Analysis by R. C. Tryon and D. E. Bailey. Whose City? And Other Essays on Sociology and Planning by R. E. Pahl.     

Book reviews

Man, His Nature and Place in the World Arnold Gehlen Durkheimian Sociology: Cultural Studies Jeffrey C. Alexander (ed.) Max Weber: An Introduction to His Life and Work Dirk Kasler Max Weber's ‘Science as a Vocation’ Peter Lassman and Irving Velody with Herminio Martins (eds) Legislators and Interpreters: On Modernity, Post-modernity and Intellectuals Zygmunt Bauman The Nature of Power Barry Barnes Bureaucracy and Political Power B. C. Smith Bureaucracy David Beetham Power and Prestige in the British Army R. G. L. von Zugbach Landlords and Capitalists: the Dominant Class of Chile Maurice Zeitlin and Richard Earl Ratcliff Women's Attitudes Towards Work Shirley Dex GJender Segregation at Work S. Walby (ed.). Falling from Grace: The Experience of Downward Mobility in the American Middle Class Katherine S. Newman After Redundancy John Westergaard, Iain Noble and Alan Walker In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy Charles S. Maier The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left Stuart Hall Material Culture and Mass Consumption Daniel Miller Sport, Politics and the Working Class: Organized Labour and Sport in Inter-War Britain Stephen G. Jones English Football and Society, 1919–1950 Nicholas Fishwick The Restructuring of American Religion: Society and Faith since World War II Robert Wuthnow Homoeopathy and the Medical Profession Phillip A. Nicholls Social Work and Received Ideas C. Rojek, G. Peacock and S. Collins The Logic of Social Welfare: Conjectures and Formulations Brij Mohan     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: A World of Difference: A New Framework for Development Co-operation in the 1990s Solidarity Against Poverty. A Socialist Program from Holland. Edited by Nico Schrijver and C. Paulien van der Tempel Labour Transfer and Economic Development: Theoretical Perspectives and Case Studies from Iran. By Hassan Hakimian Theory and Practice in Plantation Agriculture: An Economic Review. By Mary Tiffen and Michael Mortimore Africa Beyond Famine. A Report to the Club of Rome. Edited by Aklilu Lemma and Pentti Malaska The Food Question: Profits versus People? Edited by Henry Bernstein et al. The Rise and Decline of the Nation-State. Edited by Michael Mann Literacy and Power – The Latin American Battleground. Edited by David Archer and Patrick Costello Development Dilemmas in Rural Thailand. By Philip Hirsch Promoting Private Enterprise in Developing Countries. Paris No Life Without Roots – Culture and Development. By Thierry G. Verhelst Biotechnology and the Future of World Agriculture. Edited by Henk Hobbelink Banking on the Rural Poor. By David S. Gibbons and Sukor Kasim Family, Household and Gender Relations in Latin America. Edited by Elizabeth Jelin Third World Cooperation: The Group of 77 in UNCTAD. By Marc Williams The GATT Uruguay Round: Effects on Developing Countries. By Sheila Page with Michael Davenport and Adrian Hewitt Macroeconomic Policies in an Interdependent World. Edited by Ralph C. Bryant, David A. Currie, Jacob A. Frenkel, Paul R. Masson and Richard Portes US–Mexican Industrial Integration: The Road to Free Trade. Edited by Sidney Weintraub with Luis Rubio F. and Alan D. Jones Philippines: The Land of Broken Promises. By James B. Goodno     

Book reviews

Enter the Sociologist: Reflections on the Practice of Sociology N.P. McKeganey and S. Cunningham-Burley Max Weber and His Contemporaries Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Jürgen Osterhammel The Chicago School: A Liberal Critique of Capitalism D. Smith Macmillan Anomie: History and Meanings M. Orrù, Allen & Unwin States, War and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology Michael Mann The Concept of an Islamic State: an analysis of the ideological controversies in Pakistan Ishtiaq Ahmed Cults, New Religions and Religious Creativity Geoffrey K. Nelson Class Analysis and Social Research Guglielmo Carchedi Women and Social Class Pamela Abbott and Roger Sapsford Employment and Opportunity G. Payne The New Helots: Migrants in the International Division of Labour Robin Cohen Introducing Police Work Mike Brogden, Tony Jefferson and Sandra Walklate Sociology and Teaching: A New Challenge for the Sociology of Education Peter Woods and Andrew Pollard (eds) Nearing retirement: A study of late working lives Phil Lyon Retirement in Industrialized Societies K.S. Markides and C.L. Cooper (eds) Controlling Social Welfare C. Cousins Warfare and Welfare J. Tinbergen and D. Fischer Modern Welfare States R.R. Friedmann, N. Gilbert and M. Sherer (eds) The Welfare State in Transition N. Johnson Ideologies of Welfare J. Clarke, A. Cochrane and C. Smart British Social Policy 1914-1939 Anne Crowther     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Social Theory and Social Policy by R. Pinker. The Nylon Spinners: A Case Study in Productivity Bargaining and Job Enlargement by S. Cotgrove, J. Dunham and C. Vamplew. Consumer Behaviour edited by A. S. C. Ehrenberg and F. G. Pyatt. The British Academics by A. H. Halsey and martin Trow. ReligiousInstitutions by Joan Brothers. The Geography of Religion in England by John D. Gay. The Analysis of Mortality and Other Actuarial Statistics by B. Benjamin and H. W. Haycocks. Socioloical Theory and Philosophical Analysis edited by D. Emmett and A. C. MacIntyre. The Sociology of the Family edited by M. Anderson. Helping the Aged by E. Matilda Goldberg. Crime and Delinquency in Britain: Sociological Readings edited by W. G. Carson and Paul Wiles. Delinquent Behaviors by Don C. Gibbons. An Introduction to Social Psychiatry by Ransom J. Arthur. The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy by R. M. Titmuss. Social Relationships edited by George J. McCall. Functionalism, Exchange and Theoretical Strategy by M. J. Mulkay.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Bioevolution: How Biotechnology is Changing Our World, by Michael Fumento Community and Forests: Where People Meet the Land, edited by Robert G. Lee and Donald R. Field Social Assessment: Theory, Process and Techbiques, 3rd ed., by C. Nicholas Taylor, C. Hobson Bryan and Colin G. Goodrich The Concepts, Process and Methods of Social Impact Assessment: Rabel J. Burdge and Colleagues, by Rabel J. Burdge Wearing Cultural Styles in Japan: Concepts of Tradition and Modernity in Practice, edited by Christopher S. Thompson and John W. Traphagan The Virtual Farmer: Past, Present and Future of the Dutch Peasantry, by Jan Douwe van der Ploeg