网络空间性别不平等的再生产:互联网工资溢价效应的性别差异——以第三期妇女地位调查为例

本文通过倾向值匹配的方法发现：在控制了其他因素之后,互联网使用者的平均工资收入是非使用者的1.38倍;同时,互联网溢价效应存在着显著的性别差异,女性的互联网工资溢价为男性互联网工资溢价的90.6%。此外,本文发现,互联网工资溢价效应与人们的网络行为密切相关。男性相比女性,具有更强烈的使用互联网资源进行再学习和人力资本再积累的偏好;在女性互联网使用者之间,性别观念更平等的女性具有更强烈的使用互联网资源进行再学习和人力资本再积累的偏好。在传统的网络空间性别不平等的研究框架下,本文着重于探析性别文化观念如何影响人们对互联网的使用偏好和使用方式,从而成为导致网络空间性别不平等的再生产的重要原因和机制。     

从社会化角度解读青少年犯罪的原因

青少年犯罪的原因错综复杂,试从社会化的视角多维度剖析青少年的犯罪根源。笔者认为,家庭、学校、社会等社会化机构自身的变异,社会化机构对青少年进行社会化时存在内容片面性、手段复杂性和不当性,以及社会化大环境的变迁是青少年走上犯罪道路的主要原因。     

Participation in Voluntary Youth‐Serving Associations and Early Adult Voting Behavior*

Objective. We investigate adolescent membership in voluntary associations and whether participation in these activities influences voting behavior during early adulthood. Methods. Weighted logistic regression models predicting membership in voluntary associations and voting behavior were estimated using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988–1994 (NELS). Results. Our findings suggest that membership in voluntary associations varies by race and socioeconomic status (SES). In addition, membership in organizations historically rooted in moral development and civic socialization positively predict voter‐registration status and whether or not young adults participated in the first national election that they were eligible to vote in, but this relationship is moderated by both race and SES. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that a large proportion of U.S. teenagers still participate in community‐based programs, many of which foster later civic participation, but that all youth do not equally benefit from participation.     

规范网络舆论：政府、媒体和社会共同发力

近年来,网络、手机成为舆论的主要载体,网络舆论对社会生活和政府行政的影响越来越大。面对转型期巨大的舆论压力,政府、媒体和社会应该协同合作,通过加快网络法制化建设的步伐、发挥主流网站的作用、建立社会舆情搜集分析系统、发挥各类舆论领袖的作用等渠道和途径,规范网络舆论,化解因网络舆论而产生的潜在社会风险。     

首都互联网产业经济效应分析

本文揭示了互联网产业产生经济效应的内在机理及其对于经济增长的影响,结合相关的统计数据,分析论证了北京市互联网产业对于整个首都经济的带动作用。     

关注农民工单亲家庭儿童——单亲家庭对儿童的影响因素分析

儿童社会化问题是社会关注的热点问题,本文梳理了国内外单亲家庭对子女影响因素的研究现状,发现对一些特殊单亲家庭形式的儿童社会化问题目前的关注度还不高,例如农民工单亲家庭子女,此类儿童在家庭结构、社会支持和亲子关系等方面都有其特殊性,对他们的研究有着必要和紧迫性。     

乡村中学生基督徒的文化冲突与文化适应——基于甘肃W村的田野调查

本文通过对甘肃省一个基督徒较为集中的村庄的田野研究, 探讨了乡村中学生基督徒在日常生活和社会化过程中,由于同时接触中国传统文化、基督教文化和科学文化而经历的文化冲突和由此引发的文化适应问题。研究发现,宗教风俗的冲突给中学生基督徒带来的文化冲突较为普遍,不过,中国人集体主义取向的应对模式,“人情”大于“神情”的宗教观,在一定程度上有助于消解这些冲突;对中学生基督徒来说,初中时期是一个转折期,学校主导的科学知识得到更多的认可,对宗教知识产生了疑问,随之信仰产生了分化。     

Teaching and Learning Responsible Research Conduct: Influences of Prior Experiences on Acceptance of New Ideas

Despite requirements for Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training, little is known about how much this training actually influences the thinking and behaviors of participants. Interview-based qualitative research methods were used to study the reactions of Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellows to what was taught in an RCR course. For trainees with limited prior RCR experience, or who agreed with what was taught, it was relatively easy to influence their attitudes and how they thought they would use the new information in the future. However, if their prior experiences or existing knowledge conflicted with what was taught they resisted and often rejected new ideas that were presented. Interviews also revealed the tremendously complex process trainees must undergo trying to resolve or integrate all of the different perspectives they receive on RCR from other sources. These results revealed the importance of viewing RCR training from the perspective of learning theory and how prior knowledge influences what people learn. The results also support the need for periodic rather than one-time RCR training to counter the often conflicting views and practices young scientists experience in real-life research settings.     

Teaching and learning responsible research conduct: influences of prior experiences on acceptance of new ideas

Despite requirements for Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training, little is known about how much this training actually influences the thinking and behaviors of participants. Interview-based qualitative research methods were used to study the reactions of Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellows to what was taught in an RCR course. For trainees with limited prior RCR experience, or who agreed with what was taught, it was relatively easy to influence their attitudes and how they thought they would use the new information in the future. However, if their prior experiences or existing knowledge conflicted with what was taught they resisted and often rejected new ideas that were presented. Interviews also revealed the tremendously complex process trainees must undergo trying to resolve or integrate all of the different perspectives they receive on RCR from other sources. These results revealed the importance of viewing RCR training from the perspective of learning theory and how prior knowledge influences what people learn. The results also support the need for periodic rather than one-time RCR training to counter the often conflicting views and practices young scientists experience in real-life research settings.     

Social work supervision of young people

This paper summarizes findings on 50 teenagers supervised by local authority social services (work) departments. Interviews were held with social workers, young people and parents at the start of intervention and about a year later. Pre-tests and post-tests were also used to complement other statistical and qualitative data. After identifying the main reasons for the teenagers being on formal or informal supervision, the paper moves on to discuss the process, content and outcome of supervision as perceived by each of the three key actors. It also outlines what the young people and their parents found positive and helpful about supervision. Finally the paper demonstrates that forms of help and control need not be opposites and that social workers can help some very troubled teenagers. However, in order for services to have an impact, they have to be deployed as part of a package rather than as alternatives.     

论汉代楚歌“悲怨”审美特性之成因

汉代楚歌最能激发人意的是感于哀乐、缘事而发、抒写悲怨之情的作品，这类作品在汉代楚歌中的数量最多、最具典型性。汉代楚歌“悲怨”审美特性的成因大致有三个方面：一是就渊源而论，汉代楚歌“悲怨”的审美特性要追溯到“南音”的影响；二是汉代许多楚歌的“悲怨”之声主要源于政治斗争的失败，所以，在某种意义上说，这类楚歌是政治斗争的产物；三是汉代楚歌“以悲为关”的成因与楚地巫风盛行有关。     

Living in a Wittgensteinian World: Beyond Theory to a Poetics of Practices

As human beings, we share many historically developed, language-game interwoven, public forms of life. Due to the joint, dialogically responsive nature of all social life within such forms, we cannot as individuals just act as we please; our forms of life exert a normative influence on what we can say and do. They act as a backdrop against which all our claims to knowledge are judged as acceptable or not. As a result, it is not easy to articulate their inadequacies in a clear and forceful manner. However, within most of our forms of life, we have a first-person right to express how our individual circumstances seem to us. And by the use of special forms of poetic, gestural talk—talk that can originate new language-games—we can offer to make our own 'inner lives' public. In this paper, I want to claim that this is just what Wittgenstein is attempting to do in his later philosophy: by use of the self-same methods that anyone might use to express aspects of their own world picture, he is offering us his attempts to make the background 'landscape' of our lives more visible to us. These methods are explored below.     

网络互动的社会功能分析

关于网络互动的研究大体是沿着两个理论框架展开:一是社会互动理论,二是符号学的视角。从这两种分析框架出发,学者们深入探讨了网络互动的过程和形式,即互动行为本身。但是网络行动除了动机和意义外,更对互动参与者以及他人产生了影响和作用。这种影响和作用表现在对他人影响的隐功能、互动者在互动过程中获取了情感支持的功能以及对互动者的社会化功能等三个方面。     

The Culture of Academic Disciplines and the Sociopolitical Attitudes of Students: A Test of Selection and Socialization Effects*

Objective. Using cross‐sectional and panel data, this article estimates to what extent the association between students' choice of academic discipline and their sociopolitical attitudes is due to socialization and selection effects. Methods. This is done on the basis of seven incoming cohorts of students and one panel of students. Changes in the panel are controlled for contextual influences by comparing them to a control group. Results. Both selection and socialization effects are observed. The first are, however, much stronger than the second. Conclusions. Although the literature, and particularly the more popular literature, highlights socialization effects, these turn out to be very modest. Future research should address the questions of how and why students select academic disciplines in a way that establishes strong relations between those disciplines and their sociopolitical attitudes.     

Rabbi Engagement with the Peace Process in the Middle East*

Objectives. Support for Israel has been a hallmark issue of the Jewish lobby in American politics. But what do Jewish religious leaders think about U.S. policy toward Israel and the peace process, and how often do they address these issues? Methods. Using a sample of more than 400 rabbis drawn from the four major movements of American Judaism in the fall of 2000, we investigate rabbi views of and speech about foreign affairs, especially about Israel. Results. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find considerable diversity in opinion among rabbis (if not public speech), particularly on issues concerning Israel and the peace process. Conclusions. We conclude that the Jewish community—really, several communities organized by movement—is hearing a diversity of opinions about the peace process. We argue that reference group theory and movement socialization help explain this diversity.     

人地结合模式与农村经济效率

结合劳动者和劳动对象这两种生产要素开创出一种分析生产效率的崭新模式———人地结合模式,将人的组织形式与地的组织形式排列组合起来讨论,证明＂人分地合＂的模式有利于生产率的提高,进而提出进行土地制度改革、推进土地流转以及进行户籍制度改革等对策建议。     

发挥首都网络优势 促进北京文化发展

北京是全国网络最发达的城市之一。推动北京文化大发展大繁荣,应充分发挥首都网络的技术优势和文化优势,进一步提高管理理念,转变和创新首都网络文化的发展方式,提高网络建设的文化自觉、文化创新和科技创新。     

The Taming of the Internet

The Russian system of state internet censorship has been steadily expanding in recent years. The Russian government has succeeded in placing under its control both domestic and foreign internet companies operating in Russia and in establishing a system that can be used to conduct mass surveillance of internet users. However, the state censorship regime remains incomplete, as it is focused on countering small numbers of dissidents and is not designed to prevent the spread of information among thousands of users.     

A theory of “popular political legitimation”: A dual-process model approach to legitimation and political socialization

How do everyday people—or actors who do not occupy positions of political authority—legitimate political systems? Responding to this question, I use work from sociology, political science, and cognitive science to build a theory of “Popular Political Legitimation” (PPL)—defined as everyday people's legitimation of a political system. To answer how PPL happens, we must answer two sub-questions that address legitimacy as a normative phenomenon: 1) What are the processes of socialization through which individuals learn the norms, widely held beliefs, and values that legitimate a political system? 2) How do individuals subsequently use these norms, widely held beliefs, and/or values in their own legitimations of a political system? Thus, we see that a model of socialization is central to understanding how PPL happens. I proceed in four steps. First, I review the literature on political legitimation. Next, I review the literature on political socialization. Third, to address gaps in the two aforementioned literatures concerning a model of socialization that explains legitimation, I turn to neuroscience (for reviews see Greene, 2017; Cushman, 2020) and psychology to review models of socialization and rationalization. Finally, I synthesize these literatures to develop a theory of political socialization and how it generates PPL.     

汉唐时期的合浦与北部湾海上丝绸之路

汉唐时期的合浦是南方重要的政治、经济、军事、交通和贸易中心,当时发生在南方的许多重大事件与合浦息息相关,同时合浦又是汉代海上丝绸之路的起点。通过海上丝绸之路,汉唐与东南亚及世界其他地区进行贸易往来。合浦作为汉代的海上丝绸之路的起点为近年来合浦汉墓的考古发现所证实。海上丝绸之路的开通,扩大了中国的对外交往,汉唐时期中国沿这条海上丝绸之路进行贸易的同时,传播了中华文化,扩大了中国的影响。观广西北部湾经济区的开放开发既有历史的根据,也符合现实的需要。