社会调查与社会知识

这次我参加了伤残儿童情况的调查。有一天,我和另一位同学去调查一个六岁的愚鲁型儿童。孩子的父母都是科技工作者,知道我们的来意后,十分高兴,热情地邀请我们坐下,滔滔不绝地介绍起孩子的病情。当我听到他们说,孩子生下来不久就经常咳     

社会的人文关怀与社会的和谐稳定

这个栏目的作者们有不同的面孔,发出不同的声音。如果说他们有什么共同点的话,那就是他们的热诚,坦率和对社会的责任心。我们关注社会的和谐与进步,所以提供了这样的空间,让他们表达有建设性的想法,希望能够带给读者触动和思考。     

中国现代化中的人文与社会发展

现代化是以工业化为核心的全方位的社会转型过程。依据时间座标、世界现代化进程座标、社会体制制度座标，中国现代化要实现的是“工业化”和“后工业化”的双重超越，经济发展和人文、社会发展的双重超越。从中国的社会存在、现代化目标及国际的经验出发，中国的现代化过程必须高度重视人文的社会发展，保证经济与人文、社会发展的相对平衡。     

社会人文认识中的多元论

20世纪社会人文科学发展的特点是快速的变化与捍卫自己科学地位的矛盾。1 9世纪中叶开始的自然科学认识方法论和社会人文科学认识方法论的争论又增添了社会人文科学“家族”内部表现出的矛盾。学者们研究了社会知识与人文知识的差别、具体学科方法与一般科学方法的相互联系问题 ,研究了诸如“科学认识方法论”、“科学学”(科学史、科学社会学、科学心理学 )、“社会人文科学哲学”等单个学科的相互关系。正是这些科学的方法论“暴动”(методологический“бунт”)和要求考虑社会人文认识客体、方法和原则的特点 ,改变了…     

结构性风险与知识社会的建构

当今社会作为一种知识社会,存在着结构性风险,而科学技术已经成为这种结构性风险的重要来源,因此今天人们在理论和实践上建构知识社会(特别是科学技术本身)时应该充分估计风险因素或者未来的不确定性因素。     

信息时代的信息科学

一、引言20世纪80年代的不可回避的现实是对“信息技术”作出了高度概括性的描述。传播媒介连篇累牍地给我们提供了一系列关于“信息革命”、“信息社会”和“信息经济”的报告,人们可以把这种高度的认识看作是信息科学成熟的标志,但情况似乎并非如此。本文要考察信息科学在这种“新”秩序中的作用和增强了的信息意识对信息科学的影响。     

人文社会科学学术期刊的社会责任

人文社会科学学术期刊的社会责任是多重性的,如传承文明,传承学术,提炼问题,培育学术研究之新人,为社会发展战略的确立和政府的科学决策提供智力支持,等等.就现时代而言,这类期刊所肩负的最重要使命,至少包括以下几个方面:     

发展中的信息科学政策

一、前言计算机领域中科学技术知识的迅速增长不仅导致了该领域和相关领域中新理论、新方法论和新技术的产生,同时,几乎在每一种应用计算机的学科中也正在产生新的方法论、新技术和新产品,或者正在受到计算机产品及其适用品的影响。这些进步对经济和社会的影响并没有得到所有国家的共同认可并加以应用。有些国家已     

迈向二十一世纪：经济发展与人文、社会发展

迈向二十一世纪：经济发展与人文、社会发展王雅林本文认为，现代化是以工业化为核心的全方位的社会转型过程。从这样的理念出发，在现代化过程中如何处理好经济发展同人文、社会发展的关系，是关系到现代化能否健康发展的重大问题。作者把中国现代化的具体涵义和任务概括...     

打开知识社会的黑箱——重读斯特尔的《知识社会》

大概一个社会、一个时代总要有它的流行话语,就像18世纪法国人谈“启蒙”,19世纪英国人谈“心灵感应”,或20世纪初中国人谈“科学”与“民主”。这些流行话语过去一般因学术界的倡导而起,逐渐为较多人所共鸣。现在的情况似乎不大相同了。据说自60年代以来,欧美一些自称“后现代派”的学界雅士反对话语的流行,主张“消解”话语或使之“平面化”等等。     

A Human Actor Model for Social Science

This article presents a model of the production of human behaviour, grounded in a pragmatist perspective. The model has two components: a small set of considered behaviours, and a set of motivators which I group into four subsets: material, reproductive, and two sets of attributional motivators. The model is based on a minimum principle. A person performs that considered behaviour which comes closest to ideal in light of the person's motivators. I show that both declining marginal utility and satisfying follow as deductions from the model. In addition, especially with the inclusion of attributional motivators, the model accounts for a variety of findings in social science. I also show how it can generate theory and testable empirical predictions.     

Knowledge Structures, Social Information Processing, and Children's Aggressive Behavior

Although a multitude of factors may be involved in the development of children's violent behavior, the actual aggressive act is preceded by a decision-making process that serves as the proximal control mechanism. The primary goal of this longitudinal study was to understand the nature of this proximal control mechanism involved in children's aggressive acts by focusing on two aspects of social cognitions: social information processing and stored knowledge (i.e., internal knowledge structures that are the latent memories of past events). It was hypothesized that: (1) children with hostile knowledge structures will display more biased patterns of aggressive social information processing than children whose knowledge structures are less hostile and negative; (2) children who display hostile knowledge structures will behave in chronically aggressive ways; and (3) the development of hostile knowledge structures and hostile patterns of social information processing contribute to the stability of aggressive behavior and thus partially mediate the relation between early and later aggressive behavior. 585 boys and girls (19% African-American) were followed from kindergarten through eighth grade. Results from this investigation support the hypotheses and are discussed in terms of the significance of the inclusion of knowledge structures in our theories of the mental processes involved in children's violent behaviour.     

e-Social Science与社会科学研究

e-Social Science是国际社会科学界出现的前沿领域,是社会科学研究走向信息时代的必然产物,它为当今的社会科学研究提供了新工具新手段,由此也使社会科学的发展获得了新的动力和契机。就e-Social Science的兴起及涵义、它在社会科学中的应用以及由此所导致的社会科学研究的新特点和研究中需要注意的问题加以介绍、分析和论述。     

'Reading' in Professional Practice: How Social Work Practice Assessors Access Knowledge and Information

This paper presents the results of a survey of the reading habitsof 184 social work practice teachers/assessors in 2005. Newtechnology has transformed the availability of information,but in the UK, social workers, from whom Practice Assessorsare drawn, have been found to have relatively poor access toelectronic resources. The literature also highlights deficitsin social workers’ reading, but suggests that there isa strong oral tradition which may compensate for this. The surveyaimed to show the choices this group of staff makes betweendifferent media and different types of knowledge. It was foundthat oral sources were the most used resource, but that habitsof internet use were also very well developed. Respondents’reading, and particularly their use of the internet, appearedto be strongly influenced by organizational priorities and statutoryroles. Clinical and therapeutic texts and specialist knowledgewere also important to respondents. Books and journals werehighly valued but cost was in many cases a barrier to access.Findings from this survey suggest that Practice Assessors area relatively well resourced group and that the internet is ofgreat importance as a source of information for them.     

加强社科研究机构期刊信息的科学化管理

在社会科学研究机构的信息管理中,期刊信息资源的管理占有十分重要的地位。但是时至今日,期刊管理一直沿用旧的传统管理方式。为了满足党和政府科学决策的需要,适应中国市场经济发展的需要,必须改变以往简单的信息管理方式。从用户调查开始,做好期刊信息管理的一系列工作,并及时将终端信息产品积极提供给科研人员等服务对象。通过这种科学化管理,实现期刊信息资源的社会效用最大化。     

Social Work, Social Science and Practice Wisdom

Correspondence to Michael Sheppard, Department of Applied Social Science, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA. Summary Social work has for some time had an ambiguous and ambivalentrelationship with its social science knowledge base. However,this has arisen, at least in part, because of the emphasis onthe outcome or product of social science rather than the processby which research is conducted. This paper, focusing on assessment,argues that an emphasis on process goes some way to closingthe gap between social science and social work, that the methodsused by social researchers are, in many respects, simply refinementsof the methodology of everyday life, and that social workers,when conducting assessments operate rather like practical qualitativeresearchers. Using Analytical Induction as an heuristic device,it proceeds to explore critical characteristics of good practicein social work assessments. It concludes that practice shouldbe characterized by critical awareness, involving imaginativedevelopment of alternative hypotheses, a sceptical attitudetowards case assessments and a principle of adopting hypothesesleast likely to be in error.     

Understanding and Representing Human Services Knowledge

Expert systems-computerized decision consultants-offer potential for human service professionals to share expertise and reduce variability in decision making. The development of such systems is particularly important in the field of child protection because of high staff turnover and complex decision making requirements. This paper presents a method for knowledge acquisition in building a prototype expert system in child welfare. Patterns of decision making are traced and translated into computer-based rules. Solutions to research problems in developing expert systems are presented. Continued refinement of research practice in this area can lead to the development of usable expert systems for the social services.     

Social Work and the Sociology of Knowledge

John Paley. Department of Social Policy, School of Policy Studies, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL. Summary The research literature on social workers' use of theory suggeststhat social work, conceived as a form of knowledge in action,is amenable to a sociology of knowledge approach. This papertries to illustrate the relevant parallels, and uses both empiricaland philosophical themes in the recent sociology of scienceto identify a strategy for social work research.