分位数回归技术综述

普通最小二乘回归建立了在自变量X=x下因变量Y的条件均值与X的关系的线性模型。而分位数回归（Quantile Regression）则利用自变量X和因变量y的条件分位数进行建模。与普通的均值回归相比，它能充分反映自变量X对于因变量y的分布的位置、刻度和形状的影响，有着十分广泛的应用，尤其是对于一些非常关注尾部特征的情况。文章介绍了分位数回归的概念以及分位数回归的估计、检验和拟合优度，回顾了分位数回归的发展过程以及其在一些经济研究领域中的应用，最后做了总结。     

基于广义CoVaR模型的系统重要性银行的风险溢出效应研究

本文基于我国16家上市商业银行的股票日收益率数据,通过分位数回归估计广义CoVaR模型,即将CoVaR模型的条件由q分位点下的收益率等于VaR推广至最多等于VaR.在此基础上分别度量了上市商业银行对整个金融市场体系和上市商业银行对其他上市商业银行的风险溢出效应.结果表明,全国性商业银行的系统性风险普遍高于地方性商业银行,而各个上市商业银行之间的风险溢出效应具有显著的差异.     

无条件分位数回归：文献综述与应用实例

条件分位数回归(conditional quantile regression,CQR)方法已成为经济学实证研究的常用方法之一。由于CQR结果的经济学阐释基于过多甚至是不必要的控制变量,这与人们所关心的问题有可能并不一致。例如,在劳动经济学对教育回报的研究中,无论个体的年龄,性别与家庭特征如何,教育程度对于个人收入的异质性影响是人们关注的重点,即人们想了解收入关于教育程度的无条件分位数估计。本文旨在介绍近年来发展起来的无条件分位数回归(unconditional quantile regression,UQR)技术并梳理相关文献。特别地,本文介绍三种重要的无条件分位数回归模型：Firpo, Fortin和Lemieux(2009)提出的的再中心化影响函数(recentered influence function, RIF) 回归,Frolich和Melly(2010)提出的无条件分位数处理效应模型与Powell(2010)提出的一般无条件分位数回归。另外,论文还运用一个研究居民收入分配格局变化对其医疗支出影响的实例详细说明了新方法的应用。     

基于非参数分位数方法对金融风险的研究

文章提出了使用非参数密度分位数方法来计算VaR模型.此方法完全由数据驱动,不需要设定新息项的分布,并同新息项服从正态分布、T分布和GED分布计算的VaR进行对比,得到了比较理想的结果,从而为金融风险研究提供了较有效的参考方法.     

同一过程下不同计量模型的比较

文章简单介绍了VaR的含义和计算方法,并且将分住教回归和GARCH模型分别应用于VaR的计算,进行上证综指的实证研究,得到了分住数回归这种没有事先假定分布的半参数估计方法更具有准确性、VaR可以更贴切地反应金融市场的风险水平的结论.     

房地产业与银行业股票的相关性研究

在给定概率水平下,为了描述具有尖峰、肥尾、有偏等特性的金融变量之间的非线性相依结构,给出了能够准确刻画金融变量上述特性的非对称Laplace分布,首次推导出了以该分布为边际分布,联合分布由高斯Copula建立的非线性分位数回归模型.实证表明:高斯Copula非线性分位数回归模型能够更全面准确的描述房地产业与银行业股票收益率之间的风险相关关系,对于预测收益率和防范金融风险具有十分重要的意义.     

一种改进的非参数方法对金融价值风险的估计

文章对利用波动率计算价值风险VaR的方法进行了改进,提出了非参数波动率结合非参数条件核密度条件分位数方法来计算VaR,此非参数方法克服了模型误设的问题,不受波动率模型具体形式的限制,不受新息项分布函数的限制,是一种稳健的适应性方法.同时将此方法应用到中小板综指与创业版指进行实证分析,与相应的半参数及参数方法进行比较,发现文中提出的方法在某种程度上比较稳定可靠.     

分位数回归的理论再说明及实例分析

文章从次序统计量的角度给出了分位数回归方法合理性的说明,给出R软件的实现过程并通过实例给出了分位数回归结果的解释。     

分位数回归在风险管理中的应用

VaR已经成为金融风险度量的重要工具之一,近几年获得了重大的发展,计算VaR常用的方法主要有3种:历史模拟法HS(Historical Simulation)、方差-协方差法(Variance-Covariance Method)和蒙特卡罗模拟法MC(Monte CarloSimulation).分位数回归模型是针对解释变量的条件分位数来建模的,而资产组合的VaR实质上就是分位数,所以我们采用分位数回归模型来对VaR进行估计.     

阿基米德Copula分位数回归曲线推导与模拟

文章把分位数回归理论和相关结构函数Copula结合起来,介绍了分位数回归和相关结构函数Copula,给出了阿基米德Copula和Copula分位数回归曲线的定义,推导出了阿基米德Copu-la分位数回归曲线。最后,通过模拟研究表明Copula分位数回归估计方法的精确性。     

Production Frontiers and Panel Data

Value at risk (VaR) is the standard measure of market risk used by financial institutions. Interpreting the VaR as the quantile of future portfolio values conditional on current information, the conditional autoregressive value at risk (CAViaR) model specifies the evolution of the quantile over time using an autoregressive process and estimates the parameters with regression quantiles. Utilizing the criterion that each period the probability of exceeding the VaR must be independent of all the past information, we introduce a new test of model adequacy, the dynamic quantile test. Applications to real data provide empirical support to this methodology.     

Forecasting Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall Using a Semiparametric Approach Based on the Asymmetric Laplace Distribution

Value at Risk (VaR) forecasts can be produced from conditional autoregressive VaR models, estimated using quantile regression. Quantile modeling avoids a distributional assumption, and allows the dynamics of the quantiles to differ for each probability level. However, by focusing on a quantile, these models provide no information regarding expected shortfall (ES), which is the expectation of the exceedances beyond the quantile. We introduce a method for predicting ES corresponding to VaR forecasts produced by quantile regression models. It is well known that quantile regression is equivalent to maximum likelihood based on an asymmetric Laplace (AL) density. We allow the density's scale to be time-varying, and show that it can be used to estimate conditional ES. This enables a joint model of conditional VaR and ES to be estimated by maximizing an AL log-likelihood. Although this estimation framework uses an AL density, it does not rely on an assumption for the returns distribution. We also use the AL log-likelihood for forecast evaluation, and show that it is strictly consistent for the joint evaluation of VaR and ES. Empirical illustration is provided using stock index data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

A quasi-Bayesian model averaging approach for conditional quantile models

The value at risk (VaR) is a risk measure that is widely used by financial institutions to allocate risk. VaR forecast estimation involves the evaluation of conditional quantiles based on the currently available information. Recent advances in VaR evaluation incorporate conditional variance into the quantile estimation, which yields the conditional autoregressive VaR (CAViaR) models. However, uncertainty with regard to model selection in CAViaR model estimators raises the issue of identifying the better quantile predictor via averaging. In this study, we propose a quasi-Bayesian model averaging method that generates combinations of conditional VaR estimators based on single CAViaR models. This approach provides us a basis for comparing single CAViaR models against averaged ones for their ability to forecast VaR. We illustrate this method using simulated and financial daily return data series. The results demonstrate significant findings with regard to the use of averaged conditional VaR estimates when forecasting quantile risk.     

Bayesian non-crossing quantile regression for regularly varying distributions

Quantile regression is a very important statistical tool for predictive modelling and risk assessment. For many applications, conditional quantile at different levels are estimated separately. Consequently the monotonicity of conditional quantiles can be violated when quantile regression curves cross each other. In this paper, we propose a new Bayesian multiple quantile regression based on heavy tailed distribution for non-crossing. We consider a linear quantile regression model for simultaneous Bayesian estimation of multiple quantiles based on a regularly varying assumptions. The numerical and competitive performance of the proposed method is illustrated by simulation.     

Shrinkage estimation of varying covariate effects based on quantile regression

Varying covariate effects often manifest meaningful heterogeneity in covariate-response associations. In this paper, we adopt a quantile regression model that assumes linearity at a continuous range of quantile levels as a tool to explore such data dynamics. The consideration of potential non-constancy of covariate effects necessitates a new perspective for variable selection, which, under the assumed quantile regression model, is to retain variables that have effects on all quantiles of interest as well as those that influence only part of quantiles considered. Current work on l ₁-penalized quantile regression either does not concern varying covariate effects or may not produce consistent variable selection in the presence of covariates with partial effects, a practical scenario of interest. In this work, we propose a shrinkage approach by adopting a novel uniform adaptive LASSO penalty. The new approach enjoys easy implementation without requiring smoothing. Moreover, it can consistently identify the true model (uniformly across quantiles) and achieve the oracle estimation efficiency. We further extend the proposed shrinkage method to the case where responses are subject to random right censoring. Numerical studies confirm the theoretical results and support the utility of our proposals.     

An exponentially weighted quantile regression via SVM with application to estimating multiperiod VaR

The square root of time rule under RiskMetrics has been used as an important tool to estimate multiperiod value at risk (VaR). However, the conditions for the rule are too restrictive to get empirical support in practice since multiperiod VaR is a complex nonlinear function of the holding period and the one-step ahead volatility forecast. In this paper, we propose a new model by considering an exponentially weighted quantile regression via SVM to provide greater accuracy for multiperiod VaR measure. In both numerical simulations and empirical studies on three stock indices, the proposed model outperforms several traditional methods including the volatility models, filtered historical simulation, and linear quantile regression approaches in terms of the value of the number of significant entries, the mean absolute error, and the p value of prediction test in Harvey et al. (Int J Forecast 13:281–291, 1997).     

Central quantile subspace

Quantile regression (QR) is becoming increasingly popular due to its relevance in many scientific investigations. There is a great amount of work about linear and nonlinear QR models. Specifically, nonparametric estimation of the conditional quantiles received particular attention, due to its model flexibility. However, nonparametric QR techniques are limited in the number of covariates. Dimension reduction offers a solution to this problem by considering low-dimensional smoothing without specifying any parametric or nonparametric regression relation. The existing dimension reduction techniques focus on the entire conditional distribution. We, on the other hand, turn our attention to dimension reduction techniques for conditional quantiles and introduce a new method for reducing the dimension of the predictor $$\mathbf {X}$$. The novelty of this paper is threefold. We start by considering a single index quantile regression model, which assumes that the conditional quantile depends on $$\mathbf {X}$$ through a single linear combination of the predictors, then extend to a multi-index quantile regression model, and finally, generalize the proposed methodology to any statistical functional of the conditional distribution. The performance of the methodology is demonstrated through simulation examples and real data applications. Our results suggest that this method has a good finite sample performance and often outperforms the existing methods.     

Noncrossing structured additive multiple-output Bayesian quantile regression models

Quantile regression models are a powerful tool for studying different points of the conditional distribution of univariate response variables. Their multivariate counterpart extension though is not straightforward, starting with the definition of multivariate quantiles. We propose here a flexible Bayesian quantile regression model when the response variable is multivariate, where we are able to define a structured additive framework for all predictor variables. We build on previous ideas considering a directional approach to define the quantiles of a response variable with multiple outputs, and we define noncrossing quantiles in every directional quantile model. We define a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedure for model estimation, where the noncrossing property is obtained considering a Gaussian process design to model the correlation between several quantile regression models. We illustrate the results of these models using two datasets: one on dimensions of inequality in the population, such as income and health; the second on scores of students in the Brazilian High School National Exam, considering three dimensions for the response variable.     

Simultaneous estimation for non-crossing multiple quantile regression with right censored data

In this paper, we consider the estimation problem of multiple conditional quantile functions with right censored survival data. To account for censoring in estimating a quantile function, weighted quantile regression (WQR) has been developed by using inverse-censoring-probability weights. However, the estimated quantile functions from the WQR often cross each other and consequently violate the basic properties of quantiles. To avoid quantile crossing, we propose non-crossing weighted multiple quantile regression (NWQR), which estimates multiple conditional quantile functions simultaneously. We further propose the adaptive sup-norm regularized NWQR (ANWQR) to perform simultaneous estimation and variable selection. The large sample properties of the NWQR and ANWQR estimators are established under certain regularity conditions. The proposed methods are evaluated through simulation studies and analysis of a real data set.