[An analysis of the sex ratios at birth of China].]

The sex ratio at birth in China is analyzed using data from the 1982 census. The focus is on geographic differentials in sex distribution and the impact of population density on those differentials. Findings indicate that the sex ratio at birth was lower in urban populations than in rural populations.     

[An inquiry into causes of county-level specific fertility differences in Gansu province].]

Fertility differentials among the 78 counties of Gansu province, China, are analyzed using data from the 1982 census. Three alternative methods of analysis are applied to the data to identify the social, political, and economic factors that affect fertility differentials. The author also notes that changes in population characteristics are associated with fertility differentials.     

[An analysis of regional differential mortality].]

Regional differences in mortality and life expectancy in China are explored, and the socioeconomic, cultural, and educational factors affecting such differences are considered using data from the 1982 census. The author notes that mortality, particularly infant mortality, is highest in economically underdeveloped areas, and female infant mortality is high in both rural and urban areas. It is also observed that female life expectancy is 3.26 years longer than for males in urban areas, and 1.38 years longer in rural areas.     

[A new study of the marital fertility model].]

The author critically examines the Coale-Trussell marital fertility model, asserting that it is not applicable to the situation in which the marital fertility rate decreases rapidly, such as in the case of China. The limitations of the Coale-Trussell model are outlined and a new model is developed, which is applicable to situations of both rapidly decreasing and moderately decreasing marital fertility rates. Empirical results drawn from an analysis of U.N. data for 1965 and 1981 indicate the greater accuracy and flexibility of the new model as compared with the Coale-Trussell model.     

[An analysis of population growth during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period].]

Population trends in China during the period of the Seventh Five-Year Plan (from 1986 to 1990) are analyzed. It is noted that, because of the high fertility rates prevalent during the 1960s, an increase in the birth rate following 1986 was to be expected. The author considers the cumulative effect of this change in fertility, the trend toward earlier marriage, and the increase in internal, primarily rural-urban, migration. Some possible measures to control population growth in these circumstances are enumerated.     

[Age-specific mortality and life expectancy].]

The author attempts to assess the degree of influence of infant mortality on average life expectancy and to develop a method to directly revise average life expectancy given a change in mortality.     

[Prospects for China's labor transfer].]

Using 1982 census data for China, the authors analyze the movement of the country's labor force from the agricultural sector into the industrial and service sectors during the past 30 years. From 1952 to 1982, the agricultural labor force declined relative to other sectors, while the absolute number of agricultural workers increased and is expected to continue to increase. Three projections of agricultural labor force trends for the next 20 years are outlined. It is suggested that the development of the service sector will help to absorb the large volume of surplus labor, given the saturation of labor markets in agriculture and existing industries.     

An inquiry concerning the regularity of the spatial distribution of the population]

A general review of the relationship between the spatial distribution of the world's population and the distribution of the forces of production is presented from the Marxist perspective. The role of man as consumer and producer, as well as the influence of population density on production and distribution, is discussed.     

[The system of the demography of the aged].]

This is an introduction to the demographic study of the elderly population. Topics covered include reasons for research on the aged and the main subject areas involved, which are population characteristics, demographic aging, and the relationship between demographic aging and socioeconomic development. Some results of recent research are summarized.     

[Mortality distribution factors and life tables].]

This is an introduction to life table methodology. Particular attention is given to problems concerning the calculation of the distribution of deaths by age and their impact on estimates of life expectancy. Problems are illustrated using data from the abbreviated life tables of China for 1982.     

[Classification of age-specific fertility and regional differences].]

Differentials in age-specific fertility in China according to economic conditions, culture, and geographic regions are examined using 1982 census data.     

[On the development of the city system of China].]

Urbanization in China for the period 1922-1982 is studied with the use of a city-size index formulated by the author. Regional variations in city size and urban spatial distribution are compared. Data are from censuses and other official sources.     

[An introduction to the application of the analytic method of mathematical statistics to population studies].]

Methods of analyzing mathematical statistics and their application in China to population data are examined based on a review of recently published studies in China. Problems identified include a misunderstanding of the relationship between cause and effect, errors in explaining the coefficient in multivariate regression analysis, and errors in dealing with multilinearity problems in multivariate regression analysis.     

[The change of the population age structure and employment].]

The age structure of the population and its impact on employment in China is studied. The author notes that the demographic transition has occurred rapidly and that changes in the age structure have created employment problems in various regions of the country. Data are from official Chinese sources. The impact of changes in the age structure on employment over the next 30 years is considered.     

[A brief analysis of the characteristics of the urban population].]

Characteristics of China's urban population are described. These include high population density, significant levels of heterogeneity, and frequent mobility. The problems of having a large transient population in urban areas are considered. Comparisons are made with rural population characteristics.     

[Also talking about China's population sex ratio].]

The author points out that China's sex ratio is similar to the global sex ratio. Since 1960, the sex ratio in China has fluctuated around 105. The third national census in 1982 indicated a sex ratio for China of 106.3. The author analyzes the sex ratios at birth, in different age groups, and at death, as well as the main causes of death.     

[Developing cities of medium size and urbanization].]

The importance of developing medium-sized cities in China's urbanization process is outlined. The authors compare the relative capacity of medium- and small-sized cities to absorb rural-urban migrants. They also compare the economic efficiency of large- and medium-sized cities. They conclude that future urbanization policy should focus on the development of medium-sized cities.     

[Estimating the error of random projection of discrete populations].]

The author estimates the error of stochastic projection of discrete populations by defining fertility and mortality as stochastic processes. Using Chebyshev's inequality and data for Huzhou City's population, the author estimates random fluctuations of fertility and mortality and develops an equation for estimating the relative error of projection of total population.     

[The situation of China's urban and rural population].]

The accuracy of measurements of the ratio of urban to rural population in China is critically assessed, using data from the 1953, 1964, and 1982 censuses. As explanations for the inaccuracies, the author points to political conditions and to the use of different measurements at different points in time.     

[Population age structure and sex ratio in 1982].]

While China's 1982 population census provides total population size and age and sex distribution data, the data does not include military personnel. A few years after the census, the Population Census Office of the State Council and the Population Division of the State Statistics Bureau announced the numbers for military personnel by five-year age group as well as a total of 4,230,000. This information provides reliable data for more precise analysis of age and sex distribution in China.