Forecasting the Educational Structure of Occupations: A Manpower Requirement Approach with Substitution

ABSTRACT: Manpower requirement forecasts are usually based on the assumption that discrepancies between supply and demand do not lead to adjustment processes at the labour market. We show, however, that even if the market mechanism functions completely, manpower requirement forecasts remain important information. On this basis, a manpower requirement approach is developed which incorporates the possibility of substitution processes at the labour market.     

An Explanation of the Occupational Structure of Sectors of Industry

Abstract. This study has been carried out by the Research Centre for Education and Labour Market (ROA) as part of a long-range research project commissioned by the Ministry of Education and Sciences. The objective of the project is to develop an education/labour-market information system to help secondary and university students choose the right type of school and/or occupation (ROA 1988). The study reported on here sets out to disclose the factors underlying the development of the occupational pattern. The shares of occupational classes in each economic sector are taken as points of departure. The explanatory variables are technological progress and cyclical and structural sectoral developments. For each occupational class, an estimation is made with the help of a linear model, the estimation method being that of Weighted Least Squares. To permit several variables to be included in the equation, the data have been pooled over sectors and time. In two fifths of all cases, a model with explanatory variables has been chosen; in the remaining instances a sector-dummy model was found to suffice.     

一个关于交易成本悖论问题的解释--兼论张五常先生的错误

一般而言,社会经济发展是由于交易效率的提高,或者说交易成本的降低,但美国经济学家诺思发现交易费用(交易成本)往往随着经济发展而占GDP的比重却越来越大.本文的目的是通过给出无形交易成本与有形交易成本的概念对这一悖论问题作出解释.     

企业持续竞争优势的资源观阐释

资源、能力、知识是三个内涵不完全相同的概念,但它们是紧密相连的,在企业价值(租金)创造的过程中它们同时起了决定性的作用。企业竞争优势的获取依赖于资源、能力和知识,但它们并不必然地促使竞争优势持续下去。为此,本文归纳了与持续竞争优势相关的若干资源特性及条件。文章最后指出资源观正将资源的内涵外延扩大化,这从一定程度上进一步丰富和完善了持续竞争优势模型。     

工程合同冲突协调的经济力学解释

本文在建立冲突与协调概念的基础上,运用效用理论构造了描述工程建设中业主和承包商就合同所涉及的投资,工期和质量等条款的效用函数及其性质。建立了业主和承包商具有不同威慑力的总效用最大化的合同订立模型,并导出了遵循牛顿力学第三定律的合同订立协调求解方程。在此基础上分别建立了合同变更与合同索赔的数学模型,以及遵循牛顿力学第三定律的协调求解方程。本文的研究结论还可用于工程合伙建设各方之间的利益冲突协调和商务活动中合同订立,合同变更和合同索赔事件的处理。     

Understanding Patterns of Publishing Activity in Academic Research Occupations*

While it is widely understood that faculty in various disciplines tend to publish at different rates and in different forms, knowledge of these differences is too limited to facilitate systematically differentiated performance appraisal and reward systems. In this study, theory concerning knowledge production system characteristics as influences on individual performance is applied to academic research occupations using a classification scheme developed by Biglan [4]. Regression analysis is applied to a general (industry-wide) sample of United States faculty, with publishing patterns as performance measures. Each dimension of the classification scheme is found to have predictive validity. Output patterns are consistent with a conceptualization of research occupations in terms of (1) transformational/technological processes, (2) research mission, and (3) input/subject matter characteristics. The results offer a basis for generating disciplinary publishing norms and differentiated reward systems.     

为何高出口密集度企业的生产率更低?——基于固定成本异质性视角的解释

为何高出口密集度企业的生产率反而更低?通过将出口密集度和固定成本的取舍关系融入经典异质性企业贸易模型,本文阐述了出口密集度与企业生产率的关联机制。模型结论表明:低效率企业会通过"低固定成本—高出口密集度"方式参与对外贸易,高效率企业则通过"高固定成本—低出口密集度"方式同时在国内和国外市场进行规模化销售。当外需减小时,大规模高出口密集度企业可能首先退出市场。利用中国工业企业层面的微观数据,本文为理论模型提供了稳健的经验证据。     

股权分置改革下股权结构与公司绩效的实证研究

本文利用192家上市公司3年的面板数据,对股权分置改革下我国上市公司股权结构与公司绩效的相关性进行了实证分析.首先通过因子分析确定公司绩效指标.接着分别从股权构成、股权集中度及股权制衡度3个方面考查股权结构与公司绩效的关系,结果表明,公司绩效与国有股比例、第一大股东持股比例呈显著的U型关系,与流通股比例负相关,与前五大股东持股比例、股权制衡度正相关.     

An Alternative Theoretical Explanation and Empirical Insights into Overordering Behavior in Supply Chains*

The beer game and the supply line underweighting theory are central to our knowledge of decision making in dynamic environments such as supply chains. The core of these theories is that people are incapable of recognizing the pipeline inventory and this is the main cause of overordering and dysfunctional behavior. This article identifies lacunae in the theoretical and empirical foundations of extant literature and proposes an alternate explanation, a “correction model,” explaining why overreactions occur. We adopt a multi‐method research design, comprising a field case study and laboratory experiments, to ground our findings. [Submitted: July 19, 2010. Revisions received: December 8, 2010; March 14, 2011. Accepted: March 28, 2011.]     

高校导师辱虐型指导方式对研究生自我效能的影响机制研究

以北京某高校226名研究生为对象,探讨导师辱虐型指导方式对学生自我效能感的影响,并分析了师生交换关系和同门支持的中介及调节机制,以此探索在导师辱虐型指导之下的高校研究生"命运救赎"的可能性。研究结果表明,导师采取辱虐型指导方式会破坏其与学生之间的交换关系,继而降低学生的自我效能;如果该学生获得同门成员的支持,导师采取辱虐型指导方式则相对更容易导致其与该学生交换关系的恶化。     

An Examination of Socially Responsible Firms' Board Structure

This study investigates the structure of the board of directors at socially responsible (SR) firms. Using a sample of 394 SR firms and comparing these to a matched sample of firms, I find that SR firms have characteristics associated with effective board structures. For instance, SR firms have more outsiders and women directors, and less instance of CEO/Chairman duality than non-SR firms. Results are similar when using a continuous measure of social responsibility. Also, I document that SR firms have higher Governance Index scores than the matched sample. Overall, this suggests that a reason for shareholders' appeal in socially responsible firms and mutual funds may be because these firms have stronger governance mechanisms in place than do non-SR firms. In addition, it appears that effective governance structures are more likely to exist in firms that focus on a broad range of stakeholders, rather than in firms that have a strict focus on shareholder wealth maximization.     

产业结构对创业人员活动影响的理论与实证探究

基于知识外溢理论,在对产业结构专业化与多样化影响创业活动的机理进行分析的基础上,运用我国31个省市自治区5类高技术产业1998～2008年的相关数据进行了实证检验。研究结果表明,产业结构专业化和多样化均有利于创业活动生成;从短期创业效应来看,产业结构的专业化更有利于创业活动生成,而产业结构多样化对创业活动的影响则相对有限。     

资本结构与经营绩效关系实证研究

本文根据上海、深圳两地房地产上市公司的年报数据为样本,对我国房地产类上市公司资本结构和经营绩效的相关性行实证研究,研究分为两步进行第一步运用主成分分析法,建立衡量上市公司经营绩效的综合指数.第二步对资产负债率、长期负债比率等与经营绩效指数进行回归分析.研究结果表明企业的资本结构在现实的经济生活中对公司的经营绩效是有显著影响的;进一步的企业资本结构与经营绩效不是简单的线性关系,而是满足二项式关系.     

基于层面理论的员工反生产行为结构研究

本文基于层面理论和本土化视角对员工反生产行为的结构进行了理论和实证探讨.综合国内外相关研究和开放式问卷调查结果,编制了92个项目的反生产行为问卷.用层面理论方法构建了员工反生产行为的结构和映射语句,采用两套数据(自评和他评)对反生产行为的结构进行了实证检验.最小空间分析结果显示,员工反生产行为可以分解为行为指向和危害度两个层面.其中,行为指向层面可分离出指向工作任务、指向人际、指向组织的一般性违规和财物信息越轨四类;危害性程度可分离为轻度危害、中度危害和高危害三类.企业与行政事业单位两类组织中均存在两个层面四种指向的反生产行为,同时也存在各自不同特点.     

剩余劳动力转移的索洛模型解释

本文尝试将分析经济总量变化的经济增长理论应用于分析部门关系的经济发展问题,通过索洛模型中劳动力增长率的内生化,以非农部门经济变量为基础建立了分析二元经济剩余劳动力转移的模型,并对我国非农部门投资率与人均资本变化对剩余劳动力转移的影响进行了考察,结果表明模型能较好地解释中国经济发展过程中的剩余劳动力转移现象。     

股票价格与股市风险形成机理的流动性解释

由于研究角度不同,当前市场流动性理论对股价的研究较少关注第1次流动性跨越,即资产上市前后流动性变化对股票价格与价值的影响.基于此,着重分析资产上市前后的流动性差异,推导出了流动性下的股价模型与股市风险模型,并得出如下结论①股票边际流动性价值等于0.②边际流动性价值与企业边际投资收益率成正相关.③市场结构差异、市场流动性程度不同,导致股票价格不同.④资产特性不同也会影响股票价格.⑤由于流动性具有传染性,当其流动障碍累积到一定程度时就可能形成股市风险.     

所有权结构与影响因素分析

本文以821家上市公司1999-2001年的观察值为样本,研究分析了一些决策公司所有权结构的要素,即公司价值最大化规模、潜在控制和系统管制,并引入公司的特殊风险等作为与不稳定考核的因素.本文的研究发现公司所有权结构的变化,始终以与价值最大化相一致的方式进行,受管制公司所有权的平均集中程度比其他公司更重要,公用事业类公司的所有权结构受管制的影响比金融业更大.本文的研究为国有股减持和股权多元化提供了经验证据.     

民营企业内部治理结构对企业绩效影响的实证研究

中国民营经济总产值在国民经济中已占据半壁江山,民营企业在国民经济和社会发展中的地位和作用日益重要.民营企业可持续发展的前提是良好的企业绩效以及有约束力的内部治理结构.本文以CSMAR数据库2006-2007年沪深A股454家民营上市公司的公开数据为研究对象,运用Excel 2007和EViews 5.0软件实证分析了民营企业内部治理结构同企业绩效的相关关系.研究结果表明:有效制约的民营企业内部治理结构对企业绩效具有提升作用.本文的创新之处在于:建立完整的企业绩效和民营企业内部治理结构的多元回归计量模型,对影响民营企业内部治理结构的诸多因素运用逐步回归法进行筛选和剔除,从而发现民营企业的内部治理结构中对企业绩效整体显著相关的因素.所得的相关结论有助于我国民营企业完善其内部治理结构,提升企业绩效.     

上市公司资本结构影响因素的实证研究

随着资本市场的逐渐完善,企业必须注重如何通过有效的资本运营实现企业的最佳资本结构.在已有资本结构理论研究的基础上,采用沪市A股部分上市公司的年报数据对其资本结构的影响因素进行了实证研究,并提出了优化资本结构的一些建议.