一价法则、地区价格差异与面板单位根检验

采用1995—2005年中国城市间33类生产资料价格数据来分析中国的产品市场一体化.根据Levin-Lin-Chu面板单位根方法来检验城市间产品价格差异的长期收敛性,得出如下结论:(1)十年间,大多数生产资料在地区间的价格差异越来越小,且各类生产资料在城市间的价格差异程度有所不同;(2)在设定的三类面板模型中,大多数检验都拒绝了面板单位根的假设,即城市间各类产品的价格差异大都是收敛的,且收敛的速度非常快.这说明中国地区间的市场一体化已具备较高水平.     

基于小波分析的石油价格长期趋势预测方法及其实证研究

本文将小波方法引入到油价长期趋势的预测中,利用小波多尺度分析的功能,提出了一种可以较为准确地根据油价时序列预测其未来长期走势的方法。这种方法的优点在于可以准确地提取油价的长期趋势,从总体上把握油价的非线性波动特征,从而能够很好地利用油价时间序列的历史数据,开展对未来一段时期内的多步预测。实证研究中,对Brent油价开展了时间跨度为1年的趋势预测,并将预测结果与ARIMA、GARCH、Holtwinters等方法得到的结果进行了比较,表明了基于小波分析的长期趋势预测法的预测能力是其他方法所不能比拟的,反映了本文所建立的石油价格长期趋势预测方法的有效性。     

新常态下货币供给对工业经济的非对称冲击——兼论冲击路径的情景设计与分析

货币政策冲击对工业产出和价格的非对称影响，是新常态下把握好货币供给政策的方向、力度和节奏的重要参考依据，有助于提升货币供给政策的针对性、灵活性和前瞻性。局部投影方法在不同区制下，计算工业产出和价格对货币供给冲击的脉冲响应结果表明：货币供给冲击对工业产出的影响具有不确定性，且总体上表现为中性特征；而货币供给冲击对工业价格的影响不仅在不同区制下，而且在新常态前后均表现出显著的差异性和非对称性，总体来说是短期有效，长期中性的。情景设计的分析结果显示新常态下采用增加货币供给的政策来刺激工业经济是不可取的，其作用效果可能出现工业产出停滞不前，工业价格急剧飙升的工业滞胀。因此，需要从工业产业升级，工业技术创新等工业供给侧寻求工业经济新的增长点和动力机制。     

国际油价与中美股价的相依关系研究——基于不同行业数据的分析

石油市场和股票市场作为现代经济中两个重要的市场,在经济活动中发挥着重要的作用。二者之间的关系对研究市场间的价格波动和风险传递有着重要的意义,本文通过vine copula模型对国际油价和中美两国股价之间相依关系进行分析,并将得到的相依关系运用到风险管理中。利用国际油价和中美各十个行业股票价格指数进行相依关系建模,得到相应的相依结构和相依关系,选择出与油价相依关系较强的行业股票价格指数和油价构建投资组合,利用相依关系模拟出收益率数据,度量投资组合的风险。实证研究结果表明中美两国的行业股票价格指数与国际油价的相依关系存在着显著的不同,中国行业股票价格指数与国际油价之间的相依关系要弱于美国行业股票价格指数与国际油价的相依关系;同时利用相依关系组成投资组合,对两组投资组合进行风险度量,风险度量的结果显示vine copula-GARCH能对具有较强的相依关系的变量组成的投资组合风险有很好的估计。     

工业原材料期货价格指数研制与功能的实证分析

本文探讨了开发国内工业原材料期货价格指数的意义,并提出了符合中国实际情况的编制方法和修正方法,研制出我国上海期货交易所的工业原材料期货价格指数。实证结果表明:在样本区间内其先行时间达到3个月,能反映出我国生产资料价格的未来价格走势,这为我国宏观价格政策的制定具有重要的意义。     

Measurement and Pricing of Risk in Insurance Markets

The theory and practice of risk measurement provides a point of intersection between risk management, economic theories of choice under risk, financial economics, and actuarial pricing theory. This article provides a review of these interrelationships, from the perspective of an insurance company seeking to price the risks that it underwrites. We examine three distinct approaches to insurance risk pricing, all being contingent on the concept of risk measures. Risk measures can be interpreted as representations of risk orderings, as well as absolute (monetary) quantifiers of risk. The first approach can be called an "axiomatic" one, whereby the price for risks is calculated according to a functional determined by a set of desirable properties. The price of a risk is directly interpreted as a risk measure and may be induced by an economic theory of price under risk. The second approach consists in contextualizing the considerations of the risk bearer by embedding them in the market where risks are traded. Prices are calculated by equilibrium arguments, where each economic agent's optimization problem follows from the minimization of a risk measure. Finally, in the third approach, weaknesses of the equilibrium approach are addressed by invoking alternative valuation techniques, the leading paradigm among which is arbitrage pricing. Such models move the focus from individual decision takers to abstract market price systems and are thus more parsimonious in the amount of information that they require. In this context, risk measures, instead of characterizing individual agents, are used for determining the set of price systems that would be viable in a market.     

房价变动、产业转移与区域协调发展——以京津冀地区为例

构建房价-资本模型，分析房地产行业投资收益对工业再投资的影响，发现：地区间适当的房地产行业投资收益差异有利于工业企业从核心地区向边缘地区转移，差异较大则导致资本流向房价增长过快地区的房地产行业；若地区间房地产行业投资收益差异既定，较大的经济发展差距对产业转移起阻碍作用，激烈的市场竞争则起促进作用。利用京津冀地区13个城市的数据构建面板门限模型，验证了：（1）较低的房价增长率促进了北京市相对低效的资本向外转移，但是北京市与周边地区较大的经济发展差距又阻碍了该趋势。（2）核心区流出的资本优先向次发达地区转移，而落后地区则有被彻底边缘化的风险。为实现京津冀地区协调发展，一方面要加强对京津冀地区房价的宏观调控、防止房价过快增长；另一方面要制定针对边缘地区的优惠政策，引导非首都功能向周边转移。     

A DECISION THEORETIC APPROACH TO PRICING

The problem of price determination and revision is considered as a case of decision making under uncertainty in which profit is to be maximized. Typically price is a simple function of cost which in turn determines the quantity which will be demanded. This paper proposes that maximum profits could be realized in the long run, if a quantity corresponding to the lowest cost per unit of product under the attendant circumstances was fixed and a price established at which demand would exactly equal the fixed quantity. It further suggests a theoretical approach to the determination of this price based on decision theory. The decision theoretic approach considers the set of possible price levels at which demand will equal the fixed quantity of product as the state of nature. The set of acts consist of the establishment of the product price at each of the possible levels. After an initial price is established, empirical information can then be utilized according to some optimal decision rule for subsequent price revisions.     

Capacity Allocation among Multiple Suppliers in an Electronic Market

An electronic marketplace typically provides industrial suppliers an alternative option for selling their capacity in addition to the traditional open market. However, suppliers face different sets of costs and risks in open market and in electronic market. Consequently, suppliers participating in an electronic market are likely to offer their capacity at a different price compared with traditional open market. We analyze this problem and derive the price‐capacity function for the supplier. We also derive a basis for allocating buyer's requirements among multiple suppliers so as to minimize his cost. Our model shows that suppliers with large capacities would quote a lower price in the electronic market. It also predicts that the unit bid price increases with bid quantity in the electronic market. Based on the price‐capacity curve, we model a scenario where the buyer announces, a priori, the number of suppliers to be selected for award of a contract that will minimize its costs.     

An Integrated Model of Cumulative Growth: Empirical Evidence for Nine OECD Countries, 1960-1990

ABSTRACT: This paper is an empirical analysis of the interaction between the dynamics of demand, productivity and employment in nine industrial countries: the United States, Canada, Japan, West Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Belgium, 1960-1990. Its theoretical framework derives from the Kaldorian approach to cumulative growth in both its external and internal causation versions. The model we adopt is of an integrated kind, in which foreign demand is determined endogenously and domestic demand is divided into various component parts: exogenous for the public sector and endogenous for the private. More specifically, this is carried out by describing the way the dynamics of private consumption and private investments depend on economic variables located in the spheres of distribution and of technology, so that we can consider the operations of income compensation effects induced by technological change — via changes in income and its social distribution — as well as price compensation effects— the higher competitiveness of national products in foreign markets — mediated through the dynamics of exports.     

Price and consumer behaviour—A review

The concepts of the traditional theory of demand have not been found suitable for realistic studies of consumers' behaviour. Since 1954, however, new lines of exploration have evolved, of which that of Professor Jean Stoetzel has proved most fruitful. The idea that, since price served as a powerful indicator of quality, the consumer bent on a purchase will approach the market with two price limits in mind was verified and further developed by the Nottingham University Consumer Study Group. The theory has been successfully extended to the competition between leading brands and applied to the exploration of consumer behaviour during the decimalization period in the U.K. Advances have been made also in the quantitative study of other related problems, such as the price image of retail establishments and the relationship between pack size, price and purchasing behaviour.     

能源价格对制造业能源强度调节效应的实证研究

能耗过高影响中国制造业的可持续发展,能源价格是市场体制中调节能源强度的重要因素和手段.引入价格作为调节变量,研究其对于技术进步和能源消费结构对行业能源强度影响的调节效应.运用1995年～2005年的数据,采用层次回归法对制造业24个重要行业的能源价格与能源强度的关系进行实证研究.结果表明,对大多数行业,能源价格的提升并未明显降低能源强度,能源价格对于技术进步对能源强度影响的调节效应不显著,能源价格的调节效应更多地表现为促进能源消费结构转化来降低行业能源强度.     

Probabilistic Analysis of Domino Effects by Using a Matrix-Based Simulation Approach

Major industrial accidents occurring at so-called major hazard installations may cause domino accidents which are among the most destructive industrial accidents existing at present. As there may be many hazard installations in an area, a primary accident scenario may potentially propagate from one installation to another, and correlations exist in probability calculations of domino effects. In addition, during the propagation of a domino effect, accidents of diverse types may occur, some of them having a synergistic effect, while others do not. These characteristics make the analytical formulation of domino accidents very complex. In this work, a simple matrix-based modeling approach for domino effect analysis is proposed. Matrices can be used to represent the mutual influences of different escalation vectors between installations. On this basis, an analysis approach for accident propagation as well as a simulation-based algorithm for probability calculation of accidents and accident levels is provided. The applicability and flexibility of this approach is discussed while applying it to estimate domino probabilities in a case study.     

Supply Chain Management: Relationships, Chains and Networks

The term supply chain management is used to represent a variety of different meanings, some related to management processes, others to structural organization of businesses. This paper identifies and discusses various definitions of supply chain management, summarizes the associated bodies of knowledge and connects them using a systems approach. Systems levels of supply chain management are identified as the internal supply chain, the dyadic relationship, the external supply chain and the inter-business network.
Empirical research on behavioural aspects of relationships, chains and networks in the European automotive aftermarket is discussed, identifying gaps in perceptions of requirements and performance held by customers and suppliers in the areas of quality, delivery, service, range and price. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis demonstrates substantial differences between approaches to supply chain management, though performance in relationships, chains and networks in the territories examined does not differ significantly.
Customer dissatisfaction in relationships is shown to increase upstream in the supply chains examined, extending the applicability of the industrial dynamics 'Forrester effect' to softer, behavioural aspects of performance. Conclusions are drawn supporting the suggestions of operations strategists that position in the supply chain is an important strategic variable which, to date, have not been comprehensively proven empirically.     

A continuous approximation method for dynamic pricing problem under costly price modifications

This paper presents a heuristic method to solve a dynamic pricing problem under costly price modifications. This is an extremely difficult nonlinear problem that has been solved only for a few special instances. Here we provide a new approach that involves an approximate reformulation of the problem, which can subsequently be solved in closed-form using elementary calculus techniques. Numerical results show that the approach is quite accurate; approximating the optimal revenue with errors usually much less than 1%. Moreover, the accuracy rapidly improves as the optimal number of price changes increases, which are precisely the cases conventional approaches would fail.     

EXPLORING MARKET PRICING STRATEGIES VIA DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

Price determinants as well as strategies can be studies by use of simulation, particularly if cost and price relationships can be related to market activity [1] [9] [11]. But, through the use of dynamic programming, given the market conditions, one can extend the analysis to include an optimal strategy. This paper describes a dynamic programming approach to studying price strategy. A model is developed to show that in a market characterized by cost/volume and price/volume relationships, profitability can be extended beyond that resulting from a dominant market strategy to an optimal maximizing strategy. Extension of the model is suggested for studying (a) sensitivity of a strategy (solution) to price level and cost changes, (b) optimal timing of withdrawal, and (c) present value analysis.     

A Note on Determining Optimal Selling Price and Lot Size Under All-Unit Quantity Discounts

A recent study conducted by Abad [1] described a method of determining the optimal price and lot size when the supplier offers all-unit quantity discounts. The author developed a procedure using centralized and decentralized approaches. According to the author's suggestion, further study is necessary to determine if the decentralized approach always provides an optimal solution. In the present study, an attempt is made to investigate the uniformity between the centralized and decentralized approaches and to verify whether the decentralized approach always yields optimal solutions.     

高科技上市公司盈利能力影响因素的定量分析

利用Box-Cox变换和回归分析方法,对高科技上市公司的成长流量,行业增长比率,市场份额变化系数等定量指标与公司未来每股收益的相关性进行了定量化分析,并在此基础上提出了衡量高科技公司盈利能力的评价指标———边际成长流量比。实证研究结果表明:边际成长流量比可以科学地反映高科技上市公司在现行股票市价条件下的投资价值,是一种理想的评价指标。     

合理制定铁路客票价格的优化模型及算法

在充分考虑出行者和铁路客运部门两方面的利益情况下 ,提出一个双层规划模型以得到在多种交通方式竞争条件下的铁路客票价格制定的最优策略 .既保障了出行者使自己的广义出行费用最小 ,又能使铁路客运部门在运输市场竞争中取得的经济效益最大 .并且给出了求解该模型的 SAB算法。最后用一个简单的算例说明了模型及算法的应用     

Should financial reporting reflect firms’ business models? What accounting can learn from the economic theory of the firm

The paper draws on the economic theory of the firm as developed by Ronald Coase and Oliver Williamson. The theory helps us to understand why firms exist and why market prices are available for some items in accounts and not for others that are part of in-firm processes. The paper argues that financial reporting already reflects firms’ business models and makes the case for an approach to measurement in financial reporting based on firms’ business models. This approach distinguishes between assets that are transformed by a firm’s in-firm processes and those that are not. Historical cost measurements would usually be appropriate for the former, market price measurements (fair value) for the latter. The paper identifies a number of problems with the business model approach to measurement, but suggests that none of them should lead to the conclusion that such an approach would be mistaken. It also suggests opportunities for further research.