沙特地方行政体制及其发展

沙特地方行政体制的发展是沙特政治现代化的成就和经验之一,但前人对此问题的研究似乎尚显薄弱.在现代沙特地方行政体制发展中,历任国王发挥了重要作用.目前,尽管沙特地方行政体制中还存在一些问题,但它在沙特现代化进程中一直发挥着重要作用.     

沙特地方行政体制及其发展

沙特地方行政体制的发展是沙特政治现代化的成就和经验之一，但前人对此问题的研究似乎尚显薄弱。在现代沙特地方行政体制发展中，历任国王发挥了重要作用。目前，尽管沙特地方行政体制中还存在一些问题，但它在沙特现代化进程中一直发挥着重要作用。     

Becoming Transnational Through Assimilation: Emergence of National/Ethnic Identity Among Chinese Migrants in Late Nineteenth-Century Chicago

This paper explores the transnationalism seen among Chicago's Chinese migrants in tandem with their Americanization in the late 19th century. While migrants' transnationalism has several dimensions, the focus of this paper has been placed on their political practices, so-called "long-distance nationalism." Previous studies on migrants' transnationalism tended to assume marginalization in and a failure to assimilate into a host society as a reason for migrants' maintaining their ties to their countries of origin. A historical study of the migrants, however, showed another picture: transnationalism and assimilation processes could be reconciled. In order to explain how this is possible, this paper provides in the first part a background on the Chinese enclave in Chicago. Here the paper illustrates how seriously divided the Chinese community was over the difference of clan. The second part is divided into three sections and shows the process by which migrants became politically transnational. First, it deals with the emerging "Chinese" consciousness of migrants, elaborating on how such an inclusive awareness began to appear while they mobilized into a movement demanding naturalization and citizenship rights. In the course of such a movement, they promoted the Americanization of Chinese migrants. Second, how such processes, that is, the emergence of "Chinese" consciousness and assimilation proceeded at the same time is explained. Third, the paper shows how and when Chinese Chicagoans became politically involved in homeland politics. Throughout the paper, the idea of transnationalism is considered in relation to assimilation.     

Nation-building and the political impasse in India’s north-eastern region

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the politics of India’s nationalising policies towards the ‘region’ called the ‘north-eastern region’ in general, and Manipur in particular, of the post-colonial Indian state. Such policies are informed by a two-pronged strategy, the first by militarism and the second by what I identify as developmentalism. This strategy stresses the unilateral nature of India’s nation-building projects, and how it has deliberately or inadvertently brought dissatisfaction among the native population when they have unmasked the disruptive substance of nation-building approach to this hinterland.     

Pursuing National Versus Local Interests: The Development Dilemma

Book reviewed in this article: Pastoral Man in the Garden of Eden: The Maasai of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. By Kaj Arhem Livestock Development in Kenya's Maasailand: Pastoralists' Transition to a Market Economy. By Phylo Evangelou Tenants and Nomads in Eastern Sudan: A Study of Economic Adaptations in the New Harfa Scheme. By Gunnar M . Sorbo Animal Health Services in SubSaharan Africa: Alternative Approaches. By Cornelis de Haan and Nico J. Nissen Food Production and Rural Development in the Sahel: Lessons from Mali's Operation Riz-Segou. By James R. Bingen Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel: Issues in the Werfare of Selected West African Communities. Edited by Allan G. Hill The Camelid: an All Purpose Animal. Edited by Ross W. Cockrill     

Placing Gender in Social Work: The Local and National Dimensions of Gender Relations

This paper argues that as well as being sensitive to wider discourses of gender relations, social workers need to consider the ways in which gender is localised. It is argued that to some extent gender practices vary according to local culture, that gendered identities are often localised and that social workers tend to construct their clients according to images of local men and women. These images tend to be stereotypical but some do also reflect dominant local gendered practices. The paper draws on data from qualitative interviews with social workers and probation officers, as well as the experience of teaching social work students, to illustrate these arguments. Whilst it is argued that the localising of gender is of general relevance, the data come from Wales alone. The author's conclusion is that (amongst other things) anti‐oppressive practice involves recognising the important influence of local stereotypes and challenging them, whilst also acknowledging that gendered practices do vary from place to place.     

Local Unit Performance in a National Nonprofit Organization

Board members and chief professional officers (CPOs) from the local units of a national nonprofit organization completed questionnaires that revealed (1) statistically significant differences as to what functionsand activities each believes the other should do and does perform, (2) areas of possible tension between boards and their CPOs, and (3) those activities with significant correlations to common performance measures established by the national organization. Both board members and CPOs believe boards should be doing more than they do, with CPOs being more critical of board members than they are of themselves or than board members are of them. There is significant tension between boards and CPOs regarding responsibility for some operational issues. However, neither the presence nor absence of tension was significantly correlated with the effectiveness of the organization. Finally, self‐reported measures of effectiveness correlated with external measures developed by the national organization, providing some evidence that self‐reported measures may be valid.     

Occupational Segregation and the Gender Gap in Workplace Authority: National Versus Local Labor Markets

Previous research linking occupational gender segregation to the workplace authority gap assumes that the effect of gender composition is invariant across occupations, ignoring the important distinction of whether an occupation's relevant labor market is local or national. We offer a new method for defining occupational labor markets and hypothesize that the effect of occupation gender composition on the authority gap will be strongest in national labor market occupations. Both sexes' odds of possessing work authority decline with the representation of women; this effect is strongest in the more desirable, national labor market occupations. Assuming occupations are part of one labor market results in understating the gender composition penalty for national labor market occupations.     

Gender and the Public Sphere: Alternative Forms of Integration in Nineteenth-Century America

This paper intends to evaluate two competing models of multicultural integration in stratified societies: the multiple publics model of Nancy Fraser and the fragmented public sphere model of Jeffrey Alexander. Fraser and Alexander disagree on whether or not claims to a general common good or common humanity are democratically legitimate in light of systemic inequality. Fraser rejects the idea that cultural integration can be democratic in conditions of social inequality, while Alexander accepts it and tries to explain how it may be realized. In order to address this debate, I analyze the cultural foundations of the female-led, maternally themed social movements of nineteenth-century America. The language of these movements supports Alexander's position over Fraser's, though it also suggests that Alexander is mistaken in the specifics of his cultural theory of a general and democratic common good. While Alexander's model of integration is structured uniquely by what he and Philip Smith have called the discourse of civil society, the evidence suggests a distinctly alternative, equally democratic code at play in this case, which I have labeled a discourse of affection and compassion.     

Middle Passages and Forced Migrations: Liberated Africans in Nineteenth-Century US Camps and Ships

Between 1858 and 1860, Africans liberated by the US Navy from four slave ships near the Cuban coast were detained in Federal custody before being transported for resettlement in Liberia. This article draws on the concept of ‘middle passage’ and ‘forced migration’ to explore the conditions under which the US government seized, detained, and transported Africans rescued from illegal trafficking. Looking at slave trade suppression through the lens of forced migration rather than legal process not only illuminates the traumatic aftermath of the original Middle Passage but also connects the voyages of liberated African shipmates to a broader history of coerced global movement.     

Role and Functions of Local Communities in Earthquake Rescue, Shelter Administration and Reconstruction

Abstract  Major conditions of mitigation during earthquake disasters are quake-proof built-environment, administrative ability for crisis management and mutual aid functions of local communities. In this monograph focus is on local communities that played a role in helping victim residents in the Great Hanshin Earthquake. In Japan chonai-kais are organized in almost all areas as basic associations of local communities. We explored the functions of three levels of community: neighborhoods, chonai-kais and precincts. During the earthquake neighborhoods were active while precincts were recognized as contributing significantly to the process of rescue. In shelter administration teachers and resident volunteers played leading roles in many cases but some chonai-kais and precincts showed remarkable activities. Various conflicts occurred in the process of community reconstruction but many chonai-kais played an important role in coordinating opinions and interests of residents. We could confirm that the active role of each community during disaster period were based on their activities related to neighborhood welfare and community improvement.     

Identity Formation of American Indian Adolescents: Local,National, and Global Considerations

A conceptual model is presented that approaches identity formation of American Indian adolescents according to 3 levels of social contextual influence—local, national, and global—relative to types of identity, dynamics of identity, and sources of influence. Ethnic identity of American Indians is embedded within the local cultural milieu and encompasses an array of dimensions organized around identification, connection, and culture/spirituality. The national or societal level brings additional complexities according to bicultural, multicultural, and hybrid types of identity. There is little known about the global implications of identity formation for American Indian adolescents, but a review of the construct of indigenous identity provides some guidance along with examination of identity formation of indigenous youth in other parts of the world. Suggestions for research are provided throughout the paper, and theoretical implications for the broader topic of American Indian identity formation are provided with particular discussion of indigenous psychologies.