Age and the Environment: The Global Movement Towards Age-Friendly Cities and Communities

Populations around the world are rapidly ageing, with some of the fastest change occurring in less-developed countries. One of the key determinants of the capabilities of older people, and whether they can achieve the things that are meaningful to them, is the environment in which they live. There is growing interest globally on how to foster “age-friendly” environments, and the World Health Organization's Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities now includes over 250 member cities with responsibility for around 100 million people. This paper outlines the background to the Network and describes some innovative strategies being adopted by members in different parts of the world.     

“亚非地中海”——印度洋上的港口和城市网络

本文以全球化的视角和世界历史的视野,将研究的目光投向亚洲与非洲间的印度洋,并将其喻为"亚非地中海",将其视作一片海洋空间、跨国空间,视作一个交流的十字路口和一座不同文明间的桥梁。而"亚非地中海"上那些进行商业流与资金流的港口和城市网络,则构成了经济霸权的矩阵,并在"全球本土化"的进程中扮演着重要角色。它们的共存体现了相互竞争的同时性,地区和全球之间普世化和特殊化趋势的相互渗透。本文通过对《中等城市和城市网络》、《亚洲港口城市(公元1600-1800年)》、《亚洲的地中海》三部著作的阐述,详解了关于"亚非地中海"的学术研究。     

Cities, states, and trust networks: chapter 1 of Cities and States in World History

An introduction to a vast but uncompleted survey of world history, this article argues that the study of the changing relationships among cities, states and trust networks can help us understand key elements of the emergence of our modern world. Beginning in ancient Uruk in modern-day Iraq, roughly five thousand years ago, the essay defines each of its central categories: city, state and trust network. It poses four questions to be pursued throughout the rest of the study. What determines the degree of segregation or integration of cities and states? What determines the relative dominance of cities and states? What determines the extent of separation or integration between cities or states, on one side, and trust networks on the other? What difference do these variable configurations make to the quality of ordinary people’s lives?     

知识经济时代的城市布局——以澳洲城市为例

在知识经济时代,知识的产出、产地、生产方式与生产者是一座城市的生活质量和竞争力的最主要决定因素之一。在世界各个角落,作为知识产出中心的那些城市有着各式各样的称谓,譬如：知识城市、创意城市、泛生态城市、智能城市等。本文主要研究这些城市的核心建筑群——“知识区”,它是指对知识生产既有“催化”作用又有“磁铁”作用的基础设施。作者首先在知识经济的范畴内探讨以知识为基础的城市发展的重要性,以及为知识生产奠定根基的知识社区的角色;其次研究以知识为基础的城市发展,尤其是知识社区的发展,并以波士顿为参照,分析悉尼、墨尔本和布里斯班三座城市的潜力。文章最后还就以知识为基础的发展问题为其他城市总结规律并提出建议。     

Vertical Farming: Social Work and Sustainable Urban Agriculture in an Age of Global Food Crises

Abstract

Environmental concerns, including issues of ecological justice, attention to sustainability, and focus on issues of food security have gathered increased momentum in social work. This article will trace the background of sustainable urban agriculture as a partial solution to the issue of global food insecurity and its impact on marginalised urban populations. It will review the development of a sustainable agricultural initiative called vertical farming and suggest that it holds promise for communities struggling with chronic food security problems. It will outline some tentative steps social work may consider in order to become more fully involved in support of vertical farming initiatives.     

Brexit,Global Cities,and the Future of World Order

The emergence and role of global cities provide a rubric by which we can understand Brexit and illuminate the present tensions between those who favor open economic policies and those who favor closed economic policies. Economic inequality, political disenfranchisement, and social exclusion at the regional level are now driving a fresh interrogation of the relatively open world order that requires global cities—sites densely populated with institutions necessary for orchestrating global economic activity. While questions about the legitimacy of economic openness may undermine the economic output, political power, and cultural influence of global cities, those same cities may, if they harness economic output for broader regional benefits, demonstrate the potential of an alternative and newly legitimate open world order.     

城市网络体系中全球城市与国际商贸中心的相互关系及功能演进研究

近年来,北、上、广、深等中国一线城市在各类全球城市排名中持续跃升,同时各大城市商贸功能日益增强、不断升级。全球城市与国际商贸中心两者存在着较强的正相关关系,知名全球城市一般都是国际商贸中心。然而,目前还没有相关理论与研究对二者之间的关系做过系统阐释。笔者从内涵特征、评价指标、功能演进等多个维度,分析这两者之间的关系,然后对全球城市的商贸特征、商贸功能之于全球城市的重要性等问题进行深入的分析,为探讨全球城市发展及国际商贸中心建设等问题提供一个新的研究视角。     

Urban Identity as a Global Phenomenon: Hybridity and Contextualization of Urban Identities in the Social Environment

Major sociospatial transformation processes are taking place, and so concepts such as tradition, distinctiveness, and identity have become fundamental but delicate factors in the context of the social environment. Consequently, identity has become not only a term, but rather a comprehensive theme and concept, in making new places and built environments. In this context of argument, this article elucidates the implication of identity at different scales. It emphasizes the importance and hybridity of urban identities and how they may become entities or even mechanisms to overcome globalization issues. This article looks at global examples to exemplify various manifestations of urban identities. This theoretical article aspires to promote debates that can benefit current research programs in the context of globalization, urban identity, and sociocultural diversity. Finally, the aim here for specifying different levels of urban identities is not necessarily toward categorizing them, but rather to identify their roles and propositions in various scales that are related to humans and their social environments.     

美洲城市体系格局分析及对提升新时代中国城市全球竞争力的启示

基于借鉴国际经验的视角,笔者通过计算美洲206个主要城市的全球联系度,对美洲城市体系的研究发现:美洲城市体系内部存在明显的“南—北”分化特征,形成了以北美洲城市体系为中心、南美洲城市体系为外围的二元结构,南美洲城市处于被北美洲城市支配的地位。根据回归分析表明,金融服务、基础设施与科技创新是影响美洲城市全球联系度的主要因素。新时代中国城市应通过建设以科技创新与金融服务为核心功能的新型全球城市、构建多层次的城市群体系以及多中心、协调发展的城市体系来提升全球竞争力。     

Urban Nightlife,Social Capital,and the Public Life of Cities1

Sociologists and urban scholars emphasize how nightlife establishments contribute to the social capital and public life of cities. In the interests of tempering this line of argument, I suggest three generalizable empirical findings that provide grounds for skepticism on this score: (1) the racial and class barriers to participation imposed by urban nightlife enterprises; (2) the normalization of gender differences and the routine harassment of women within such scenes; and (3) the lack of inclusiveness surrounding local nightlife in urban neighborhood communities. These findings suggest that nightlife scenes may function more efficiently as generators of bonding rather than bridging social capital.     

Urban Space and Cyberspace: Urban Environment in the Age of Media and Information Technology

Today, the many innovations and the spread of new media and information technologies are bringing new realities to contemporary society. In Japanese sociology, this social transformation is called johoka , or information–oriented transformation. The present study examines two aspects of today's urban environment, concerning this social transformation. One is the phenomenon of "Disneylandization" of the urban environment and the other is the emergence of "cyberspace" or the "cybercity". The former is the proliferation of areas and buildings filled with signs and designs that are quoted from other historical or geographical contexts, and arranged under some "theme" or "concept", such as theme parks. The latter is the emergence of "virtual spaces" and the "virtual city" in computer networks, especially on the Internet. The former is a change in the physical urban environment and the latter is a phenomenon of the non–physical environment, inside computers. However, in spite of this contrast, these phenomena can be considered to result from the same social transformation—that is, the new relationship between space and society. The semantic emptiness, and expectations and desires for a sense of "placeness" in contemporary society are the preconditions of both phenomena. Often these elements are regarded as postmodern phenomena, yet it is of interest to explore Disneylandization and the emergence of the cybercity as the latest versions of the modern urban transformation and the modern urbanism.     

范式与特点：全球知识城市案例分析

伴随知识经济发展起来的知识城市,是21世纪城市可持续发展的一种全新理念。作为西方后城市化时代对城市空间结构的一种新认识,知识城市很大程度上是全球城市、文化城市、技术城市及经济中心、政治中心、文化中心和金融中心的高度统一。要使知识城市上升为一种理念和模式来指导今天的城市建设,就必须在全面了解知识城市的构成要素和模式的基础上,归纳出具有一般特性的指导原则和共同特征。本文分析了知识城市理念演绎城市空间结构的新变化,归纳出衡量知识城市的标准,总结了全球知名知识城市的典型范式及其特点,可供我国在城市化进程中借鉴这一全新的理念,拓宽新的思路。     

New Maps,New Questions: Global Cities Beyond the Advanced Producer and Financial Services Sector

This article broadens the discussion of cities as strategic sites in which global activities are organized. It deploys methodology commonly used to study the distribution and disproportionate concentration of advanced producer and financial services firms in order to study the office distribution of global nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and global energy corporations. It then compares the distribution of those offices to that of advanced producer and financial services firms, using data from the global and World Cities Research Network, further discovering what cities are strategic sites in all three networks, in any combination of two networks, and in only one network. Attending to the convergence and divergence of such networks opens a door to the study of network logic—the underlying dynamics of network functioning—instead of limiting the study to network structure or composition while also permitting a multi-sectoral measurement of globality.

Este artículo amplía la discusión de ciudades como lugares estratégicos en las que se organizan actividades globales. Despliega una metodología comúnmente usada para estudiar la distribución y la concentración desproporcionada de productores avanzados y firmas de servicios financieros, con el objeto de estudiar la distribución de oficinas de las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs) y las corporaciones de energía globales. Luego compara la distribución de aquellas oficinas para los productores avanzados y para las firmas de servicios financieros, usando los datos de la Red de Investigación de las Ciudades Mundiales y Globales, para luego descubrir qué ciudades son lugares estratégicos en todas las tres redes, en cualquier combinación de dos redes y en solo una red. Prestando atención a la convergencia y divergencia de tales redes, se abre una puerta al estudio de la lógica de las redes—la dinámica subyacente de la función de las redes—en vez de limitar el estudio de la estructura de la red o la composición, permitiendo también una medida multisectorial de globalidad.

本文扩展了对城市的讨论,它们是组织全球行动的战略要地。本文运用了通常研究高级生产者和金融服务公司的分布及其不成比例集中问题的方法学,以期对全球非政府组织和全球能源公司的办公分布进行研究。然后,它运用来自“全球与世界城市研究网络”的数据,通过进一步讨论何种城市属于全部三种网络的、任何两种网络结合的、以及仅一种网络中的战略要地,对其机构分布和高级生产者及金融服务公司的分布进行对比。对这些网络的聚集和离散的注意为网络逻辑——网络运作的潜在动力——的研究提供了机会,而不是在允许对全球性进行多领域量度的同时又局限于研究网络的结构或组成。

? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ? ????? NGO? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ????(Global and World Cities Research Network) ??? ????, ??? NGO? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ? ?? ??????, ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????(globality) ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??.     

Cruel Pessimism and Waiting for Belonging: Towards a Global Political Economy of Affect

Recent theorizations of affect have focused largely on Western historical, political and aesthetic contexts to distinguish between affect and emotion. Notably, these interventions offer new imaginaries to reinvigorate analysis of politics in the face of shrinking possibilities. However, much of this literature views affect as autonomous from emotion, while overlooking the political history of development and the differentiated relation to affect under colonial capitalism in other historical contexts. This paper studies subaltern engagement in activist performance in India to address these issues. It thinks through Lauren Berlant's account of the aesthetic genre and affective structure of cruel optimism, and her focus on historical contexts where people have recently lost the vision of a good life. By contrast, focusing on the historical present of those born into a pervasive and intractable sense of marginality and insecurity, I ask: what is the subject's relation to affect and activism in contexts where the loss of vision of a good life is not new under neoliberalism, but rather, reworks long-standing violence and inclusion/exclusion of colonial capitalism and nation-state histories. I argue that it is useful to understand Berlant's ‘materialist context for affect theory’ in light of uneven global histories of colonialism, development and neoliberalism. The affective experience of time is different across different spaces. As such, this paper contributes a global materialist context for affect theory, by focusing on activist theatre by a tribe called Chhara, designated ‘born criminals’ by British colonial law – a status legally denotified in 1952, but that is practically still effective in postcolonial India. Competing affective structures – sentimental optimism, cruel pessimism, betrayal and ordinary regard – shape and are shaped by Chhara negotiations with branded criminality. Ultimately, for the postcolonial subject, surviving in the neoliberal present involves vacillating among competing affective structures, only some of which generate sustained political critique.     

“资治”和“通鉴”：城市史研究中的悖论

在城市史研究中,＂资治＂和＂通鉴＂本该是一对并重的关系,但是很多时候两者反而形成了悖论。在具体的城市史研究中,重视其＂资治＂作用,忽略其＂通鉴＂作用的情况时有发生。本文将对城市史的研究进行综合考察,并以失败和成功两方面的案例来说明,在城市史研究中,＂资治＂和＂通鉴＂是可以得到有机结合并且达到最佳状态的。     

内陆城市在“全球城市”新框架下的全球化路径思考——以成都为例

美国布鲁金斯学会对全球城市进行了重新界定,该研究将全球最大的123个都市经济区分为了全球巨头、亚洲锚点、新兴门户、中国工厂、知识资本、美国中量级和国际中量级七大类型,指出了每类全球城市的特征、问题及发展建议。本文在全面介绍该研究的基础上,以成都为例,进行了对标审视,并从中获取了对内陆城市全球化路径的启示。