资源互补对机会主义和战略联盟绩效的影响研究

20世纪80年代以来,全球战略联盟的数量激增,逐步成为企业的快速成长方式,但其失败率也非常高。本文以资源依赖理论和交易成本理论为基础,以中国企业为样本,从资源互补和机会主义的角度分析了合作与竞争对联盟绩效的影响。实证研究的结果表明,联盟中的资源互补能够提高联盟的财务绩效与创新,而机会主义则会负向影响财务绩效和创新。同时,适度的资源互补是有效遏制机会主义的手段,过高或过低的资源互补都会使联盟企业处于机会主义的风险之中,即资源互补和机会主义之间的关系呈倒U型的关系。     

二元联盟伙伴的重叠性和稳定性对企业新产品开发的影响研究

近年来,企业广泛利用战略联盟来整合外部资源,促进新产品开发。但是创新管理领域的研究还未涉及企业如何通过管理探索性联盟与利用性联盟的关联性,更好地利用外部研发资源和临床研究及产品市场化资源,提升新产品开发效率,这也正是本文的研究目的。探索性联盟和利用性联盟的伙伴重叠性越高,外部研发知识源与临床研究及产品市场化知识源的同一性越高,这些知识更易整合,有助于新产品开发;探索性联盟伙伴和利用性联盟伙伴的各自稳定性越高,则将提升企业与探索性联盟伙伴和利用性联盟伙伴的信任度,促进研发知识和临床研究及产品市场化知识的流入。本文基于84家全球顶尖生物医药企业1995—2018年的面板数据的实证分析发现:(1)企业参与探索性联盟的数量正向影响其新产品开发;(2)二元联盟伙伴的重叠性正向调节探索性联盟数量与企业新产品开发的关系;(3)在探索性联盟数量与企业新产品开发之间的关系中,探索性联盟数量、二元联盟伙伴的重叠性和探索性联盟伙伴稳定性存在显著的三重交互作用,即当二元联盟伙伴的重叠性以及探索性联盟伙伴稳定性均处于高水平时,探索性联盟数量对企业新产品开发正向作用越强。本研究的结论为企业组建二元联盟和新产品开发...     

联盟网络、资源整合与高科技新创企业绩效关系研究

大量研究表明联盟网络对新创企业绩效提升具有重要的积极作用,但已有研究较少探讨联盟网络提升新创企业绩效的内在机理.整合社会网络理论与资源基础观,以高科技新创企业为研究对象,构建联盟网络、资源整合以及新创企业绩效之间的理论模型,以期打开联盟网络作用于新创企业绩效的黑箱.利用182家中国高科技新创企业的问卷调查数据,综合运用层级线性回归和结构方程建模等方法开展实证检验.研究结果表明,构建强关系联盟网络对新创企业绩效具有显著的促进作用,占据联盟网络的中心性位置对新创企业绩效具有显著的促进作用;联盟网络关系强度和中心性位置都正向影响新创企业资源整合活动;资源整合在联盟网络与新创企业绩效关系中发挥中介作用.研究结论就联盟网络如何影响新创企业绩效的内在机制给出理论阐释,推动联盟网络与新创企业绩效关系研究向过程视角进一步拓展和深化,对中国高科技新创企业通过实施联盟网络战略实现优异绩效具有重要的启示.     

企业与非营利组织社会联盟实施战略分析

依托资源依赖、组织学习、新制度主义等视角,在识别企业与非营利组织社会联盟构成维度和类型的基础上,探索了企业与非营利组织社会联盟实施战略的决策依据和过程,构建“初始条件-治理过程-联盟绩效”的整体研究框架,并识别出可能影响联盟战略实施的情境特征.     

人力资本社会网络与企业创新——基于在线简历数据的实证研究

社会网络理论的兴起和发展为企业创新研究领域提供了全新的视角。以往研究虽然考察了企业通过合作、联盟协议等方式形成的企业社会网络对创新的影响,但是这些方式相比于人员流动而言,并非是获取其他企业的知识和信息资源的最直接方式。本文基于领英(中国)职业社交网站的人才简历数据,从社会网络视角构建了一个新颖的由人员流动而形成的企业人力资本社会网络,并实证研究了我国上市企业人力资本社会网络位置对其创新绩效的影响。同时,本文依据流动人才的类型进一步将人力资本社会网络细分为技术型人力资本社会网络和管理型人力资本社会网络。结果表明,上市企业人力资本社会网络的中心度和结构洞与企业创新绩效呈显著正相关关系。文章最后讨论了本研究的理论贡献与实践启示。     

权变视角下联盟网络与新创企业成长关系研究

基于权变视角,整合社会网络理论和战略制度观,探讨了联盟网络对新创企业成长的影响,并考察了制度环境和行业环境的调节效应。以189家中国新创企业的调研数据为基础开展了实证检验。结果表明,新创企业联盟网络关系强度及中心性位置对其成长绩效具有显著的正向影响;制度环境完善性在联盟网络关系强度与新创企业成长绩效关系中发挥着显著的负向调节作用;行业环境动态性正向调节联盟网络关系强度与新创企业成长绩效间关系,却负向调节联盟网络中心性位置与新创企业成长绩效间关系。     

兼听则明：高管社会网络与企业投资决策同伴效应

以A股上市企业为样本,利用社会网络分析方法考察高管在网络中所处位置的中心度对企业投资决策同伴效应的影响.研究表明,当企业处于过度投资状态时,投资决策表现出同伴效应;高管网络中心度对企业投资决策同伴效应存在负向影响,网络中心度越高(低),企业投资决策受同伴企业的影响越小(大).在影响机制上,企业通过高管网络的信息功能从外界获取更多的信息,以便在制定投资决策时减少对同伴企业的依赖;同时,高管网络蕴含的社会资本能作为激励机制发挥治理功能,从而保证企业独立进行投资决策.最后,基于高管异质性的研究发现,年长、任职时间长的高管在社会网络中起着主导作用,董事长和总经理发挥的作用有限,拥有较高教育水平以及保持乐观情绪的高管更善于利用社会网络来改进投资决策.本文的研究有助于理解企业同伴效应的形成机制,也为社会网络产生的经济后果提供新的证据.     

基于限制合作博弈的产业集群企业利益分配研究

产业集群内部企业组成协同创新联盟是促进联盟合作的有效途径,然而影响联盟企业合作最为关键的因素是如何合理公平的对联盟的利益进行分配。考虑联盟中企业合作能力为灰色信息且企业之间的依赖关系具有不完整性,本文首先,基于灰色系统理论定义了灰色授权算子;其次,运用Choquet积分对企业之间的依赖关系进行集成;再将这种依赖关系信息和Shapley模型结合起来建立了具有灰色授权机制的限制合作博弈模型,并证明了该模型满足有效性、对称性、可加性和哑元性公理。最后通过算例说明了该模型的可行性和实用性。     

企业与社会组织联盟研究综述--基于企业社会视角

以企业资源观为理论基础,通过梳理文献,从双方联盟动因、合作方式、绩效影响因素和评价方法等方面构建企业与社会组织联盟框架,从而探索企业社会责任与社企联盟的内在影响,并在此基础上提出未来应该关注的研究问题,从而更好地推动企业社会责任建设发展。     

强关系与弱关系:企业成长的社会关系依赖研究

将企业成长问题与资源依赖理论、社会关系理论相联系,认为社会关系可以为企业成长提供一定的社会资源基础.在理论界已有的"弱关系的力量"和"强关系的力量"假设基础上,提出了强弱关系均是企业成长可以依赖的重要社会关系类型,以及强弱关系重要性受限于企业的结构约束因素和组织因素的影响的假设.基于250个企业样本的实证统计分析结果支持了这些假设.     

Centrality Asymmetry and Partner Complementarity as Influences on Alliance Dissolution

Research on interfirm alliances indicates that partner firms’ asymmetry in network centrality increases the likelihood of alliance dissolution because it gives rise to a power imbalance and opportunism in the partnership. We contend that this view of centrality asymmetry does not consider the binding force that network resource complementarity can provide in an alliance, which motivates partners to ally for the long term. We propose that centrality asymmetry can have both divisive and cohesive forces in an alliance, which – when considered together – lead to a prediction that centrality asymmetry has a U‐shaped relationship with alliance dissolution. Moderate levels of asymmetry lead to lower rates of dissolution than high and low levels of asymmetry. The degree of cooperation between partners and the degree of external competition reduce the effects of centrality asymmetry on alliance dissolution because they mitigate power imbalances while encouraging partners to strengthen the alliance to withstand competitive challenges.     

Opportunism in Distribution Networks: The Role of Network Embeddedness and Dependence

Prior research documents the value of network relationships to firm behavior but is relatively silent on how networks influence opportunism in distribution channels. Focusing on a common type of distribution networks in which multiple distributors serve a single, dominant supplier, this study moves beyond a dyadic view to examine how a focal distributor's relational and structural embeddedness in such a distribution network influences its opportunism toward the dominant supplier. In particular, we postulate that a distributor's relational embeddedness in the network curbs its opportunism, whereas its network centrality, as a form of structural embeddedness in the network, promotes its opportunism. Moreover, we propose that relational embeddedness magnifies the role of a focal distributor's dependence on the supplier in suppressing the distributor's opportunism, whereas network centrality buffers such a role. We first empirically test these hypotheses using data collected from car dealers in China; the results provide support for the hypotheses. We then develop an analytical model to validate and further explain the underlying mechanisms of the network effects. Our analytical results not only validate the empirical results but also provide guidance for managers on controlling opportunism in distribution networks.     

Heterogeneity,diversity and complementarity in alliance portfolios

The divergence that a firm manages to achieve because of its partners is a fundamental question in an alliance portfolio configuration. Diversity can refer not only to the differences between the focal firm and its partners or between the partners themselves but also to the differences arising from various resource endowments in the alliance portfolio. Understanding the significance of these different sources, how they interrelate, and how they affect the firm performance is an unresolved question as unclear definitions and opposing arguments are proposed. This paper expounds the concepts of partner heterogeneity, alliance portfolio diversity, and network resource complementarity to gain a deeper comprehension of the alliance portfolio configuration and how it affects performance. Our analysis of airline alliances at a global level reveals the central role of resource complementarity in the focal firm performance.     

Resource utilization as an internal driver of alliance portfolio evolution: The Qatar Airways case (1993–2010)

This article aims to understand the role played by resource utilization levels as a driver of alliance portfolio evolution over time. Based on our theoretical framework and on a case study of Qatar Airways (199.3–2010), we develop insights into the micro-dynamics of resource structuring in firms that possess an alliance portfolio. Our research shows that firms can create either their own or network resources with different deployment modes according to their resource utilization levels to remain profitable. We also emphasize that optimized resource utilization is a key driver of resource-structuring efforts in firms. Finally, we show that based on the focal firm's life cycle phase, the level of resource utilization changes and leads to various resource-structuring mechanisms that can be observed at the alliance portfolio level.     

企业内部知识转移中个体中心度、吸收能力对绩效的影响

以往关于社会资本对企业内部知识转移影响的研究,通常提取一些基本的人口统计学特征作为控制变量,考察联系特征和结构特征对知识转移的影响,而对吸收能力的讨论却较少。本文将个体在社会网络中的结构特征和个体吸收能力结合起来,分别考察在情感网络和咨询网络中,个体的中心度以及中心度与吸收能力的交叉对个体绩效的影响。结果发现情感网络对个体绩效没有显著影响。在咨询网络中,个体出度对绩效有正作用,而且该作用依赖于个体吸收能力。     

发明人网络结构与组织合作网络位置

以社会网络理论为基础,从跨层次视角分析组织内外部合作网络之间的作用机制,提出组织内部发明人合作网络中心势和结构洞数量,对其嵌入组织间合作网络中心位置具有直接影响和交互作用,并运用2003~2017年无人驾驶技术领域中,6029条无人驾驶技术专利数据进行实证检验。研究显示:组织内部发明人合作网络中心势,负向影响组织嵌入外部研发合作网络的中心位置;组织内部发明人合作网络结构洞数量,正向影响组织嵌入外部研发合作网络的中心位置;二者交互对组织嵌入组织间合作网络中心位置具有负向作用。     

Determinants of Perceived Interfirm Dependence in Industrial Supplier Relations

Studies of industrial buyer-supplier relations mostly focus on structural characteristics of the transactions between parties, and assume a direct relation between these factors and characteristics of the relationships. This paper focuses on the psychological dimension of transaction relations, reflected in perceptions of dependence, from the perspective of an industrial supplier. In the first step of the analysis, three groups of structural determinants of perceived supplier dependence are explored: factors related to goal mediation, factors related to relation-specific assets, and factors related to network embeddedness. After that, the influence of these structural factors and of perceived supplier dependence on the ordering of buyer-supplier relations is investigated. Data come from a study of the micro-electronics assembly industry in the Netherlands. The findings show that sales to a particular buyer as a percentage of the total sales of the supplier and the growth of sales to a particular buyer (two forms of goal mediation) are important determinants of perceived supplier dependence. Human asset specificity is also related to perceived supplier dependence. Network embeddedness variables play only a minor role in explaining perceived supplier and buyer dependence in this study. The data further show that perceived dependence has an effect on the degree of ordering in the relationship, next to structural factors like the extendedness of the relationship beyond the focal transaction and physical asset specificity. The effects of human asset specificity and dedicated assets on ordering are contrary to what was expected on the basis of the literature.     

Learning from international business affiliates: developing resource-based learning capacity through networks and knowledge acquisition

Resource-based learning capacity (RBLC) is an organization's specific resources – both human and tangible – that can be organized to enhance learning processes. This study develops and tests a model that examines the relationship between the learning efforts of focal firms from their international business affiliates (IBAs) – organizations located outside the focal firm's domestic market with whom the focal firm has a relationship – and the focal firms' RBLC. This learning process refers to the transfer of knowledge from the IBA to the focal firm. Results indicate that while learning effectiveness positively influences the RBLC of the focal firm, learning efficiency has a negative impact on RBLC. The IBA's home country network centrality and the tie strength between the focal organization and the IBA are found to influence learning effectiveness positively. Tie strength also enhances learning efficiency. Finally, the findings indicate that the IBA's home country network centrality enhances the strength of the ties between the focal organization and its IBA.     

以企业能力为中介的联盟类型与技术创新方式关系实证研究

从资源基础观构建联盟类型、企业能力(开发能力和探索能力)和技术创新方式相互关系的模型,以重庆等6个地区500家制造业企业为调研对象,运用结构方程模型对所获数据进行实证分析。结果表明:市场联盟提供的市场资源利于开发能力的提升,技术联盟提供的技术资源利于探索能力的发展;开发能力与渐进创新方式正相关,探索能力与突变创新方式正相关;市场联盟提供的市场资源有助于渐进创新方式,技术联盟提供的技术资源有助于突变创新方式。     

Technological alliance portfolio configuration and firm performance

Firms pursuing technological alliances to gain competitive advantages have become a ubiquitous phenomenon in today’s business environment. This article examines which technological alliance portfolio configuration is better for focal firm performance using a portfolio rather than a dyadic perspective. To assess technological alliance portfolio effects on Korean pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms, we adopted three explanatory variables—number of alliances, number of partners, and spanning structural holes. The growth rate of revenue and the growth rate of profit are used as dependent variables. We identify two characteristics of technological alliance portfolios from the two-step generalized method of moments estimates. First, we find that between two firms with the same number of alliances, the firm with the larger number of partners would have a better performance. This result is unlike those in previous studies because it distinguishes between the number of alliances and number of partners based on the network theory. Second, we find that spanning structural holes affects firm performance rather like a double-edge sword—it positively affects the growth rate of profit but negatively affects the growth rate of revenue of firms. In short, spanning structural holes is simultaneously beneficial for firm profitability and unfavorable for firm growth. This result differs from those of earlier studies because it shows that a firm spanning structural holes among alliance partners produces either a positive or a negative effect, suggesting that a firm should vary its strategy depending on whether it prioritizes profitability or growth.