绩效工资:一把双刃剑

绩效工资目前已成为我国薪酬支付的主流方式之一,但有关绩效工资对员工态度和行为的影响的研究还很少.本文以574名知识员工为研究对象,实证分析了绩效工资对知识员工分配公平感、帮助行为和自我发展的影响,研究同时考察个体层面的价值认同和组织层面的程序公正氛围,对绩效工资与员工态度和行为关系的调节作用.数据分析采用多层次线性模型,分析结果显示,绩效工资在个体层面有效提高了员工分配公平感和自我发展行为,而在组织层面,绩效工资降低了组织中员工分配公平感和帮助行为的整体水平.在高价值认同和高程序公正氛围中,绩效工资对员工态度和行为有更多的积极作用;在低程序公正氛围中,绩效工资则呈现一定的消极作用.本文最后讨论了研究的理论和实践意义,以及研究的局限.     

绩效评估公平、工资系统认知与绩效工资公平关系研究:兼论绩效工具性感知的中介效应

通过对528名企业员工采用自我报告式问卷调查,本研究考察了绩效评估公平、工资系统认知和绩效工具性感知对绩效工资公平的直接或间接影响.对调查数据进行回归分析和结构方程模型分析,结果显示绩效工具性感知在绩效工资公平前因变量影响机制中起部分中介作用;绩效评估公平对绩效工资公平有显著的直接正向影响,也通过绩效工具性感知预测了绩效工资公平;工资系统认知对绩效工资公平有显著的直接正向影响,也通过绩效工具性感知预测了绩效工资公平.绩效评估公平、工资系统认知和绩效工具性感知是绩效工资公平的重要前因变量,三个变量联合解释了绩效工资公平60％的变异量.最后对基于研究结论的启示进行了讨论.     

A Case for Researching Performance Pay in Human Service Management

As consumers and governments become increasingly concerned with value for money, managing staff performance in human services is now more important than ever. This articles reviews performance management research in (1) human services, pointing out its limitations, and (2) in commercial settings, pointing to the promising effects of performance pay and increased productivity. It is argued that performance pay should be researched and applied in human service programs with aims of increasing efficacy, durability, and responsiveness of staff performance. Guidelines for future research and applications are made.     

Using Performance Pay in Human Service Settings

Arco (1993) argued for increased research and use of performance pay in hum& sehce organizations. To facilitate these activities he prepared a guide as lo the conditions under which such research and application might best take place. His suggestions, though, omitted reference to a key characteristic (client variability at program entry) of human service organizations. The necessity of addressing this matter, in both research and practice, is emphasized.     

基于权变视角的管理者社会关系对企业绩效的影响研究

基于动态能力理论和权变研究视角,构建管理者关系、资源整合、创业导向与绩效间关系的理论模型,并利用大规模样本对所提假设进行检验.结果表明,商业关系和政治关系均能提升企业绩效;不同资源整合过程以不同方式调节管理者关系对企业绩效的影响;创业导向对资源整合的调节效应产生深层调节效果.     

The Role of Firm Size and Performance Pay in Determining Employee Job Satisfaction Brief: Firm Size,Performance Pay,and Job Satisfaction

Abstract. Job satisfaction reflects the on‐the‐job utility of workers and has been found to influence both the behavior of workers and the productivity of firms. Performance pay remains popular and widely used to increase worker productivity and more generally align the objectives of workers and firms. Yet, its impact on job satisfaction is ambiguous. Whereas the increased earnings increase job satisfaction, the increased effort and risk decreases job satisfaction. This paper finds empirical evidence that on net performance pay increases job satisfaction but does so largely among union workers and males in larger firms.     

公司并购绩效与公司边界:交易费用的视角

公司并购重组是重新确定公司边界的一种有效机制。本文充分整合产权理论、交易费用经济学、影响成本理论以及公司并购协同效应理论,推导出影响公司边界的若干因素,确定出影响公司并购绩效的主要潜在因素,再在此基础上建立一个分析公司并购绩效与公司边界的综合性理论框架。结果发现,资产专用性、影响成本与公司并购协同效应都将对公司边界的调整和公司并购绩效产生决定性的影响,而且这个影响的大小又取决于治理结构、融资工具以及组织结构等诸多因素。     

Knowledge Spillovers from FDI: A Critical Review from the International Business Perspective

This paper reviews and organizes the theoretical and empirical research on foreign direct investment (FDI) knowledge spillovers from the international business perspective. In doing so, it develops a framework for the analysis of this phenomenon. The suggested FDI knowledge spillover framework integrates both the macro‐level (country, industry, institutions) and micro‐level (multinational firm, headquarters, subsidiary, local firms) antecedents of spillovers with their consequences, and proposes to analyse spillovers along three main attributes that characterize their occurrence, i.e. their magnitude, scope and speed.     

差异化授权型领导与创新绩效: 基于社会认同的视角

  许多企业为适应经济竞争开始组织结构变革,以授权型工作团队代替传统的层级管理结构,因此授权型领导如何在团队层面发挥作用引起学者们的广泛关注。基于共享视角的团队导向授权型领导对创新绩效的作用机制已得到广泛研究,但在具有关系文化的中国团队情景中,团队领导不一定针对团队内部不同成员进行无差别的授权,相反团队领导很可能进行差别授权,因此差异化授权型领导对创新绩效的影响有待探究。         基于社会认同理论,通过跨层次分析方法,探讨差异化授权型领导如何影响个体创新绩效和团队创新绩效,检验团队认同在差异化授权型领导与个体创新绩效和团队创新绩效之间的中介作用,检验领导认同在差异化授权型领导与个体创新绩效之间的中介作用。以99个工作团队706位企事业单位员工为研究对象,采用问卷调查方法,运用Spss 19.0和Mplus 7.4对研究假设进行验证。         研究结果表明,①差异化授权型领导显著负向跨层影响个体创新绩效;②差异化授权型领导显著负向影响团队创新绩效;③差异化授权型领导显著负向影响团队认同,团队认同分别在差异化授权型领导与个体创新绩效和团队创新绩效之间起中介作用;④差异化授权型领导显著负向跨层影响领导认同,领导认同在差异化授权型领导与个体创新绩效之间起中介作用。         研究结果丰富了差异化领导的研究,并扩展了团队层面授权型领导的研究,验证了差异化授权型领导对创新绩效的负向作用;丰富了差异化授权型领导的理论研究视角,基于社会认同理论探讨差异化授权型领导对创新绩效的跨层次影响机制。团队领导在进行授权时要考虑团队的文化特性,增强谨慎意识,要充分考虑如果团队内部领导授权的差异化程度过高会破坏团队成员的团队认同和领导认同,进而降低个体创新绩效和团队创新绩效,以致降低组织创新绩效。     

Beyond Managism: Negotiated Narratives and Critical Management Education in Practice

A pragmatist conception of critical management education and learning is first set out. This accepts a degree of 'functionality' between management study and management practice. It is, however, a non-managerialist and non-technicist functionality. The criterion for judging critical management learning cannot be how well it reveals truths in any absolute or foundationalist sense. The only possible criterion is how well, relative to alternative types of learning, it informs the practices of people involved in managerial situations (regardless of whether these are managers or not). Next, one way of applying pragmatist critical management principles is outlined. This works through negotiated narratives and stands as an alternative to orthodox management education approaches – ones to which the critical concept of scholarism is applied. The outline is then developed through an ethnographic style account of an instance of such a practice. Central to this piece of teaching and learning practice is the critical concept of managism . Managist discourse and its role in framing managerial thinking and practices is examined and debated by the management class in the process of attempting collectively to make sense of stories brought to the class by both the students and the teacher. The basic 'story' that the paper tells is rehearsed at the end in the form of a fairy tale. This is done as an alternative to concluding or 'closing' the paper. The story of critical management education and learning and what is done in its name continues to unfold.     

Canada's Health Status: A Public Health Perspective1

Health status assessment and disease surveillance are essential to identify and priorize health issues, to evaluate intervention programs and to plan to meet future needs for health services. Canadians currently benefit by having among the highest life expectancies at birth in the world (81 for females, 74 for males). Disability-free life expectancies for females and males, respectively, were 10.1 and 11.3 years lower for the lowest income quintile compared to the highest. Canada's infant mortality rate in 1990 (7/1000 live births) was one of the lowest in the world but within Canada, the rate in the lowest income quintile (10.5/1000 live births) was almost double that in the highest income quintile (5.8/1000 live births). Fair or poor health was reported by 36% of adult Canadians in the lowest income category in 1990 compared to only 5% in the highest income group. The leading causes of premature death for females in 1991 were breast cancer, coronary heart disease, lung cancer, car crashes, birth defects and suicide; those for males were coronary heart disease, suicide, car crashes, lung cancer, birth defects, and AIDS. Lowest income quintile males had mortality rates at least double those for the highest income quintile for alcohol-related conditions, violence, injuries and emphysema. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, musculoskeletal diseases, injuries and respiratory diseases imposed the highest direct and indirect economic costs in Canada in 1986. For all of these conditions, improved prevention is possible. For example, the forecasted tobacco-related deaths before age 70 among current male smokers age 15 will far exceed those due to car crashes, suicide, murder, AIDS, and drug abuse combined. Population aging will aggravate trends for many chronic conditions especially those with increasing incidence rates; there will be large increases in the numbers of persons with aging-related cancers, dementias and other conditions. There is an urgent need for Canadian health jurisdictions to ensure that rational priorities, goals/objectives, strategies, and programs are in place to enhance prevention and disease control.     

Family Business Performance from a Governance Perspective: A Review of Empirical Research

Given the complexity of the family business phenomenon, empirical research has still reached no consensus on whether family control is beneficial or detrimental to firm performance. To shed new light on this issue, this paper covers more than 350 articles published in 37 top finance and management journals. More specifically, it provides an in‐depth analysis of the family business governance system in three steps. First, after examining the various family business definitions and measures of performance used in empirical research, the authors discuss the findings on the direct effect of family control on performance in different geographical regions. Second, the authors pay special attention to the choice of ownership structures by business families and analyse how family owners influence strategic decisions faced by their corporations, including the succession process. Finally, the authors explore the interaction of family control with other governance devices to gain a better understanding of family firms' corporate decision‐making and performance. The holistic approach highlights the need to contemplate the multiple relations that exist among the various governance dimensions of family firms to explain their unique performance. In addition to enhancing understanding of family business conduct, the authors emphasize the need to go beyond the borders of the family firm to identify its external antecedents and consequences. By integrating the finance and management perspectives and analysing the theoretical frameworks and methodologies used in these disciplines, the review highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance family business research and thus to consolidate it as a distinctive academic field.     

Demand–Supply Mismatches and Stock Market Performance: A Retailing Perspective

We provide empirical evidence that the volatility of inventory productivity relative to the volatility of demand is a predictor of future stock returns in a sample of publicly listed U.S. retailers over the period 1985–2013. This key performance indicator, entitled demand–supply mismatch (DSM), captures the fact that low variation in inventory productivity relative to variation in demand is indicative of the superior synchronization of demand‐ and supply‐side operations. Applying the Fama and French (1993) three‐factor model augmented with a momentum factor (Carhart 1997), we find that zero‐cost portfolios formed by buying the two lowest and selling the two highest quintiles of DSM stocks yield abnormal stock returns of up to 1.13%. These strong market anomalies related to DSM are observed over the entire sample period and persist after controlling for alternative inventory productivity measures and firm characteristics that are known to predict future stock returns. Further, we reveal that DSM is indicative of lower future earnings and lower sales growth and provide evidence that the observed market inefficiency results from investors’ failure to incorporate all of the information that inventory contains into the pricing of stocks.     

Measuring Corporate Social Performance: An Efficiency Perspective

Aggregation of corporate social performance (CSP) metrics poses a major challenge to researchers and practitioners. This study provides a critical evaluation of current aggregation approaches and proposes a new methodology based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) to compute a CSP index. DEA is independent of subjective weight specifications and provides an efficiency index to benchmark the CSP of firms. Using CSP data from 2190 firms in three major industries from the Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini, Inc. database in 2007, our study presents the first application of the DEA model for CSP and ordinal data and opens up a new path for future empirical CSP research.     

双元领导对团队创新绩效影响研究——基于惯例视角

领导力及组织双元领域的研究认为,领导者的悖论认知模式和管理行为对于组织中任何一种双元形式的构建都发挥着重要的作用。然而,目前学术界对于这种复杂领导方式的具体作用效果及影响机制,尤其是对于团队创新过程中如何有针对性地处理团队整体性与个体差异性间存在的突出矛盾这一问题仍然缺乏深入的研究。 基于社会认知理论、组织双元理论和动态能力理论,从团队惯例视角出发,构建双元领导行为-团队双元文化-团队创新绩效的影响过程模型,探讨领导行为的协调作用,同时以成员自我调节导向和环境动态性作为调节变量,研究在此影响过程中团队内、外部情景因素的调节作用。采用SPSS 17.0和AMOS 17.0进行多层次回归分析和组间方差分析,对来自长三角区域高新技术型企业中123个知识团队的调研数据进行实证分析。 研究结果表明,①双元领导对团队创新绩效具有积极影响并且显著优于单一领导方式,而变革型领导和交易型领导对团队创新绩效的影响并无显著差异,但要显著优于无明显领导风格的团队,且这两种领导方式能够产生协同效应,其交互正向影响团队创新绩效;②双元领导主要通过团队双元文化部分中介作用直接或间接影响团队创新绩效,但其所包含的变革型和交易型领导行为对团队创新绩效的作用机理存在差异,变革型领导主要通过适应性文化的部分中介作用直接和间接影响创新绩效,交易型领导则通过一致性文化的部分中介作用直接和间接影响创新绩效;③自我调节导向在双元领导与团队创新绩效关系间发挥正向调节作用;④环境动态性在双元领导与团队创新绩效关系间发挥正向调节作用。     

从中国管理实践的情境中发展理论——基于整合的观点

随着中国经济的快速发展,围绕中国企业的管理研究成为近年来国际研究的热点,但如何建立和发展符合中国企业实际的管理理论是目前海内外学者面临的一个重要问题。在分析当前中国管理理论发展研究现状的基础上,提出了将中国实际与主流管理理论相整合的理论发展观,并在此基础上对未来理论研究的方向进行了展望。     

相对业绩与投资组合思想在期权激励契约设计中的应用

传统股票期权激励契约以股票价格来度量经理人的业绩,但股票价格实际上受到经理人不可控因素(系统风险)的影响,从而导致用股票价格来衡量经理人业绩时会出现反向激励现象,错误惩罚有能力的经理人或慷慨奖励无能的经理人。针对传统股票期权激励契约的缺陷,一些学者把期权激励契约的执行价格和一些指数相联系起来,消除了部分市场水平噪音对期权激励契约的影响。但这种绝对指数股票期权也没有改变指数期权激励契约的结构性缺陷,即不能完全消除市场和行业噪音对期权激励契约的影响。因此,本文借鉴相对业绩和投资组合思想,重新对股票期权的执行价格进行设计,即改变期权到期时权益结构或把执行价格设计成基准绩效投资组合形式,从而达到完全消除市场和行业噪音对期权激励契约的影响,提高期权报酬契约的绩效。     

顾客-企业交互对服务创新的影响:基于组织学习的视角

基于组织学习的视角,提出了解释顾客与服务创新关系的理论框架,分析了顾客-企业交互通过影响组织向顾客学习的动机和行为,进而影响服务创新绩效的路径。对陕西、广东和江苏3个省份的122家服务企业进行问卷调查,实证分析发现：①顾客一企业交互的3个维度,即合作生产、顾客接触和服务定制,与组织向顾客学习之间显著正相关;②这种正向关系受到创新氛围调节影响,创新氛围越强,越容易发挥顾客-企业交互对于组织学习的促进作用;③组织向顾客学习对服务创新绩效有显著的正向影响。     

影响新创企业绩效的创业团队因素研究

如何提升新创企业绩效是创业实践和研究的核心问题。创业团队对新创企业的绩效有着决定性的影响,本文从创业团队的视角出发,对如何提升新创企业绩效的问题进行研究。论文对已有研究进行全面的梳理、总结和评论,发现已有研究主要从创业团队构成和合作过程两方面解释新创企业绩效。论文指出,虽然团队构成决定了创业团队的化学成分,但要形成有助于团队化学反应的合作过程,需要有团队制度作为前提条件,否则团队合作关系容易被破坏。因此,本文提出创业团队治理是影响新创企业绩效的重要因素。在此基础上,本文综合团队构成、团队合作过程和团队治理三个维度,建立了影响新创企业绩效的创业团队因素模型,并指出未来研究的重要方向。