Equivalence class formation in non-hearing impaired children and hearing impaired children

The relationship between verbal behavior and stimulus equivalence was examined using three sets of children differing in chronological age and verbal ability: (1) non-hearing impaired three and four year olds who had verbal skills generally consistent with their chronological ages; (2) partially hearing (severe to profoundly deaf) children who were rated with verbal ages of above 2 years; and (3) partially hearing children (also severely to profoundly deaf) who were rated with verbal ages of below 2 years. All children were taught a series of four conditional discriminations using unfamiliar stimuli. The children were then tested to determine whether classes of equivalent stimuli had formed. Although all the children were able to learn the conditional discriminations equally well and all the verbally-able children (normal and partially hearing) formed equivalence classes, only one of the verbally-impaired children reliably demonstrated stimulus equivalence formation. These results are consistent with the suggestion that stimulus equivalence and human verbal behavior are closely related.

     

The treatment of borderline neurocognitively impaired children: A perspective from self psychology

The applicability of the definition of the borderline syndrome to children is questioned, as is the traditional view that its etiology lies in the type of interaction the child had with its parents. The redefinition of the syndrome of borderline proposed in prior publications using the conceptual framework of self psychology opens the door to new treatment approaches. This article addresses some of the issues related to these treatment approaches.     

The hearing impaired psychotherapist: Implications for process and practice

This paper will address the problems faced by the hearing impaired psychotherapist with a particular emphasis on the alliance in psychotherapy. The author will address the unique problems facing the hearing impaired therapist in clinical practice as well as the strategies which can be utilized to manage the treatment process.     

Self psychology and countertransference in the treatment of children

The issues of countertransference in the treatment of children have received far less attention than those arising in the treatment of adults. This paper attempts to begin to redress this imbalance. Some of the major countertransferences in work with children are addressed, and the perspective of self psychology is presented. In the conclusion some thoughts are offered regarding some of the narcissistic injuries therapists must confront in dealing with issues of countertransference.     

Clinical psychology and child sexual abuse after Cleveland

SUMMARY. This paper details some of the unresolved issues for clinical psychologists following the Cleveland crisis and Inquiry. The author argues that psychological expertise can he employed in both the investigative and treatment stages, and in the general evaluation oj the child, particularly henefitting children who present without an initial disclosure, where specialist interviewing techniques can clarify what may have happened. The clinical approach should be developed to meet evidential requirements, useful to both court and child. ‘This requires subjecting their work to scrutiny and crossing professional boundaries to help sexually abused children who may represent a hitherto unrecognised but significant proportion of psychologists’ caseloads     

Behaviorally impaired children in out-of-home care.

This study was undertaken to determine the nature of the out-of-home care placement experience for 131 behaviorally impaired children entering care over the course of a year in Nebraska. Variables analyzed included behavioral impairment, age at entry, age at termination, gender, race/ethnicity, family violence, geographical area before and at termination, closeness to home of most recent placement, and length of time in care. Multiple regression analysis showed that behavioral impairment was the strongest predictor of length of time in care, accounting for 2.4% of the variability.     

The development and disturbance of emotions: An application of self psychology to clinical work with children

This article applies self psychology, as developed by Heinz Kohut, to clinical work with children. It begins with a brief summary of self psychology as a theoretical framework, focusing on the role of selfobjects in the development of the self. Then, the role of selfobjects in the development and disturbance of emotions is discussed. The paper concludes by describing the treatment implications of the self psychological perspective for clinical work with children, illustrating them through three case vignettes, and identifying certain questions for further inquiry.     

Mismatched response predicts behavioral speech discrimination outcomes in infants with hearing loss and normal hearing

Children with hearing loss (HL) remain at risk for poorer language abilities than normal hearing (NH) children despite targeted interventions; reasons for these differences remain unclear. In NH children, research suggests speech discrimination is related to language outcomes, yet we know little about it in children with HL under the age of 2 years. We utilized a vowel contrast, /a-i/, and a consonant-vowel contrast, /ba-da/, to examine speech discrimination in 47 NH infants and 40 infants with HL. At Mean age =3 months, EEG recorded from 11 scalp electrodes was used to compute the time-frequency mismatched response (TF-MMR_SE) to the contrasts; at Mean age =9 months, behavioral discrimination was assessed using a head turn task. A machine learning (ML) classifier was used to predict behavioral discrimination when given an arbitrary TF-MMR_SE as input, achieving accuracies of 73% for exact classification and 92% for classification within a distance of one class. Linear fits revealed a robust relationship regardless of hearing status or speech contrast. TF-MMR_SE responses in the delta (1–3.5 Hz), theta (3.5–8 Hz), and alpha (8–12 Hz) bands explained the most variance in behavioral task performance. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using TF-MMR_SE to predict later behavioral speech discrimination.     

Self psychology and ego psychology: A historical perspective

This paper takes a historical perspective as to the current debate between ego psychologists and self psychologists. By looking at the psychological functions of the self, the ego, and the superego, one can see substantial areas of overlap between the theories. The two theories are described and compared along the lines of these psychological functions. They are then applied to six clinical issues; primary developmental crisis, transference variations, conflict and defecit, modifications in technique, developmental lines, and the relationship between the ego and the self. The conclusion is drawn that a more comprehensive understanding of the theories as they apply to clinical phenomena needs to be developed before a determination can be made as to their compatibility.     

Clinical assessment of maladjusted preschool children

The authors stress that total assessment prior to intervention is crucial, including standardized testing, observations of behavior, developmental history, and play interview. Techniques presented provide a holistic approach for evaluating the referred preschool child.     

Micro and macro economic psychology

Four types of data are distinguished, based on individual (micro) vs aggregate (macro) level, and on cross-section vs time-series. Analytical properties of collectives may be formed through aggregation, while structural and integral properties of collectives have no individual-level counterpart.Aggregation is not simply a summation of individual properties. People take the behavior of others into account and adapt their own behavior.Time-series are different from cross-sections in many ways. While at the cross-sectional level buying intentions are predictive, attitudes are better predictors in time-series data.We come to the conclusion that time-series data are superior to cross-sectional data for estimating a regression coefficient, Cross-sectional data (Type 1) are largely confounded by individual differences, while time-series data (Type 4) provide a better estimate for the relevant effect. Individual panel data (Type 3) combine the good characteristics of Type 4 and Type 1 data, especially if treated in a tune-series fashion.     

Severe borderlines and self psychology

This paper will discuss work with a woman diagnosed as having borderline personality disorder because of classic symptoms of intense unstable affect, recurrent suicidality, self-mutilation, and primitive defensive organization. Once a selfobject transference tie was established, the borderline symptoms remitted. Discussion of this case will focus on the clinical application of concepts from the field of psychoanalytic self psychology, particularly the concepts of self-object functions and intersubjectivity, in work with patients diagnosed as borderline.     

Dance therapy and self psychology

In this paper I will introduce the basic concepts of dance therapy and show how dance therapy could be viewed self psychologically. A clinical example will be presented, discussed and critiqued utilizing self psychological concepts. A brief discussion will follow that appraises the potential of blending self psychology and dance therapy together. This is a speculative paper but it may provide a basis to further develop self psychology within dance therapy.     

糖皮质激素联合丙种球蛋白治疗麻疹并发重症肺炎疗效观察

目的 探讨糖皮质激素联合静脉注射丙种球蛋白治疗儿童麻疹并发重症肺炎的疗效.方法 治疗组45例除常规治疗外,同时应用糖皮质激素联合静脉注射丙种球蛋白治疗,对照组42例进行静脉注射丙种球蛋白及常规治疗,比较两组临床疗效.结果 治疗组较对照组在退热时间、气促、咳嗽缓解时间、哕音消失时间及血气恢复时间、X线胸片病变吸收时间、并发症控制时间、住院时间方面明显缩短,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 糖皮质激素联合静脉注射丙种球蛋白治疗麻疹并发重症肺炎临床疗效明显.