高新技术企业创业能力、创新类型与融资方式关系研究

创新是企业实现竞争优势的主要方式,而企业创业能力和资本来源是实现创新的保障。本文利用我国164例中小型高新技术企业,检验创业能力、创新类型和融资方式之间的关系。结果表明,机会能力与突破性创新、风险资本融资程度呈正向关系,而运作能力与渐进性创新、债务融资程度呈正向关系,突破性创新方式与风险资本融资程度呈正向关系,与债务融资程度呈负向关系,而渐进性创新与债务融资程度呈正向关系,与风险资本融资呈负向影响关系。     

高新技术企业创新类型、融资方式与联盟战略关系的实证研究

融资方式和发展战略是影响高新技术企业发展的重要因素.本文分析了高新技术企业创新类型、融资方式与联盟战略三者之间的关系,并进一步分析创新类型和融资方式的组合效应对高新技术企业联盟战略的影响,通过对多个地区的高新技术企业数据进行实证分析.结果表明:突变创新类型高新技术企业倾向于采用风险资本融资,渐进创新型企业倾向于银行债务融资;风险投资对联盟战略影响显著,表现在对企业建立技术联盟和市场联盟都有正向作用;创新类型对联盟战略也有显著影响;此外风险投资和突变创新对企业联盟战略的组合效应也有显著的正向作用.     

创业型企业的成长:基于企业家团队资本的实证研究

本文基于企业家团队资本构建了一个创业型企业成长模型,即"企业家团队资本—组织能力—经济环境—创业企业成长",并以我国402家IPO上市企业为研究对象,从企业家团队资本、组织能力的单因素、综合因素以及它们的相互作用3个方面,进行了实证分析,检验结果表明:(1)企业家团队的抱负水平与创业企业的成长存在正相关关系,尤其是年龄和在位时间的影响非常显著;(2)企业家团队的决策能力促进了创业型企业的成长,尤其是企业家教育水平的积极作用非常明显;(3)企业家团队的异质性对创业企业的影响作用并不大,但团队成员之间持股的差异性将有助于改进企业绩效;(4)企业家团队资本的综合指标ETC与创业企业成长存在显著的稳健的正相关关系,并且ETC与创业型企业的组织能力之间存在显著的互补关系,即在组织能力较强的制度环境下,企业家团队资本所发挥的功能更加明显。     

市场导向、政府导向对中国企业创新驱动的比较研究

在经济转型时期,政府和市场是推动中国企业创新的重要外部力量。基于制度理论,引入政府导向并对其进行界定;在同一框架内对比市场导向和政府导向对企业不同类型创新的影响,分析市场竞争强度对市场导向和政府导向与企业创新之间关系的调节作用。通过对155家创新行为较多的制造业企业进行问卷调研获得研究样本,采用层次回归的方法对假设进行验证。研究结果表明,政府导向比市场导向更有利于促进企业突变创新,市场导向比政府导向更有利于促进企业渐进创新,竞争强度会加强市场导向对突变创新和渐进创新的促进作用。研究结果为企业促进突变创新和渐进创新更应该关注政府还是关注市场的问题提供了新的视角,也揭示了市场导向与企业创新之间的边界条件。     

高管灵性资本对提高企业创新绩效的影响

对高管灵性资本、创业导向和环境动态性影响创新绩效的作用机制进行研究的结果表明:高管灵性资本对企业创新绩效有显著的正向影响;环境动态性正向调节高管灵性资本与创新绩效两者之间的关系;创业导向是高管灵性资本与创新绩效之间的完全中介变量;环境动态性与高管灵性资本的交互作用,通过创业导向的中介作用影响创新绩效,具体表现为有中介的调节作用。     

公司创业投资支持企业控制权配置实证研究

控制权治理是公司治理的重要内容,由控制权配置带来的控制权收益是激励投资家物质资本和企业家人力资本投入的重要手段。基于不完全契约理论,从控制权收益和企业家人力资本的视角,研究公司创业投资支持企业的控制权配置问题。分析创业企业中公司创业投资者与企业家的控制权收益构成和类型以及企业家的人力资本专用性和专有性特征,厘清公司创业投资者与企业家各自私人收益、货币收益与其拥有的企业剩余控制权和特定控制权之间的对应关系。根据控制权共享收益来源,构建基于企业家人力资本专用性和专有性的控制权共享收益函数,分析控制权私人收益和战略收益、企业家人力资本专用性和专有性以及控制权收益与人力资本交互作用对公司创业投资支持企业剩余控制权和特定控制权配置的作用机理。以公司创业投资支持的110家不同行业上市企业3年数据为样本,运用面板数据混合回归模型,实证检验控制权收益、企业家人力资本及其交互项对中国经济背景下公司创业投资支持企业两类控制权配置的影响。 研究结果表明,公司创业投资者拥有的特定控制权和剩余控制权与企业家人力资本专用性正相关,与企业家人力资本专有性负相关,企业家控制权私人收益对公司创业投资者获得创业企业特定控制权比例具有正向影响,公司创业投资者控制权战略性私人收益对其自身获得创业企业特定控制权比例具有负向影响;企业家控制权私人收益正向调节企业家人力资本专用性与公司创业投资者剩余控制权占比之间的关系,负向调节企业家人力资本专有性与公司创业投资者剩余控制权占比之间的关系;公司创业投资者战略性私人收益负向调节企业家人力资本专用性与公司创业投资者剩余控制权占比之间的关系,正向调节企业家人力资本专有性与公司创业投资者剩余控制权占比之间的关系。由于不同产业类型的创业企业会给公司创业投资者和企业家带来不同的控制权收益,进而导致双方对控制权的关注程度和类型发生变化。同时,处于不同发展阶段的创业企业,公司创业投资者和企业家对剩余控制权、特定控制权关注的重点也不相同。因此,需要对不同类型的创业企业进行控制权分类治理。 研究结论为完善公司创业投资支持企业的控制权治理、提升控制权激励效果进而促进被投资创业企业发展具有重要的理论参考价值。     

企业家灵性资本对组织即兴能力的影响机制——基于双元创新的中介与差序氛围感知的调节

基于社会认知理论对长三角地区的“专、精、特、新”型“小巨人”企业开展问卷调查，分析企业家灵性资本对组织即兴能力的影响，并探讨双元创新的中介作用和差序氛围的调节作用，结果发现：企业家灵性资本对组织即兴能力有正向影响；双元创新在企业家灵性资本和组织即兴能力之间起部分中介作用；差序氛围感知负向调节企业家灵性资本对双元创新的影响，且负向调节双元创新在企业家灵性资本和组织即兴能力之间的中介效应。     

市场导向对组织创造力的非线性作用机理——组织二元结构文化与创业导向的影响研究

在我国加快实施创新驱动发展战略中,如何提升企业组织创造力以促使企业创新变得至关重要。企业战略是影响组织创造力和创新的重要情境因素。市场导向和创业导向是新兴经济体国家的企业发展的战略核心。然而,现有研究对市场导向与企业创造性产出之间关系的观点却不一致。创业导向如何影响市场导向对组织创造力的作用也尚未得到关注和研究。本研究以145家企业的979份高层管理人员与核心员工的套问卷数据为样本,研究发现：市场导向对组织创造力产生倒U型影响,且倒U型影响通过二元结构文化（一致性文化与适应性文化）的不同传导机制而产生,即：一致性文化在市场导向与组织创造力之间正向中介效应随市场导向的增强而减弱,并在高度市场导向时转变为负向中介效应,而适应性文化在市场导向和组织创造力之间发挥部分中介效应。研究还发现：市场导向对组织创造力的倒U型影响受创业导向的调节作用,即：当创业导向较高时,市场导向对组织创造力的积极影响随市场导向的增强而逐渐增强,反之,则逐渐减弱。研究结论为提升企业组织创造力提供新的思路和理论参考。     

创新水平差异对融资方式选择影响——基于风险资本与银行债务资本的比较研究

本文通过构建一个模型分析了在存在双重道德风险的情况下,项目的创新水平对企业家选择融资方式的影响,研究认为在较低的创新水平下企业家将会选择银行债务融资;较高的创新水平企业家将会选择风险资本融资。模型进一步分析了创新水平对风险资本融资融资契约中风险资本家股权份额分配的影响,研究认为创新水平的增加将会引起风险资本家股权份额的增加。     

战略导向、外部知识获取对组织创造力的影响

从"中国制造"到"中国创造"的战略转换迫切期待中国企业提升其组织创造力。本文结合战略管理理论与企业知识理论,构建了战略导向通过外部知识获取影响组织创造力的理论模型。运用162个有效企业样本对所提出的研究假设及影响路径进行了检验。研究结果表明:市场导向对组织创造力具有倒U型影响;企业家导向对组织创造力具有正向影响;市场知识获取与技术知识获取对组织创造力具有正向影响;市场知识获取在两种战略导向与组织创造力的关系中均存在部分中介效应;技术知识获取在企业家导向与组织创造力之间关系中存在部分中介效应,它在市场导向与组织创造力之间的正面中介效应随着市场导向增高而减弱,且当市场导向达到高程度时转变为负面中介效应。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.