江苏人口职业结构变迁与影响因素分析

人口职业结构变迁既是社会发展和经济发展的结果,也是社会及其经济发展程度的一个重要标志,社会结构的发展和经济结构的变迁可以通过人口职业结构的变迁表现出来。本文力图通过1978-2009年江苏地区相关统计数据分析,对江苏省人口职业结构变迁及其影响因素进行了深入分析。结果认为：经济结构与产业结构的优化调整,教育事业的快速发展积极推动了江苏省人口职业结构的变化,同时,人口结构的变化又为经济结构与产业结构的优化调整,教育事业的快速发展提供了基础资源。     

人口文化素质对阜新市产业结构调整的影响

阜新市产业结构调整对人口文化素质将产生什么样的影响?培养高层次人才的高等教育如何在学科结构上做出适应性调整?这是阜新等矿业城市经济转型中需要研究的重要课题。本文运用产业经济学、人口地理学有关理论分析了阜新市产业结构及人口文化素质的现状和变化调整趋势,探讨了阜新市未来产业结构变化对高层次人才学科结构变化的影响,并从战略角度提出了高等教育学科结构进行适应性调整的若干措施。     

中国保险业发展的人口因素分析

人口因素是影响保险业发展的重要变量,人口总量、人口的结构因素等对保险需求和保险业发展都具有重要影响。文章指出目前影响中国保险业发展的人口因素中,主要是人口结构因素在发挥作用。中国保险费收入的总量较高,但保险密度和保险深度却远低于世界平均水平,这既是中国人口和经济的规模因素在保险业上的凸现,也是收入水平、城市化水平和教育水平等因素的作用。     

人口因素对货币流通的影响

在经济改革中,影响货币流通的新因素在不断增多,其中人口因素是一个不容忽视的方面。在商品经济条件下,人是生产者和消费者的统一,是社会经济活动的主体。货币流通在为生产、流通服务的同时,又为人类自身生产服务,人口是影响货币流通的内在因素。例如,人口的数量、质量、人口结构的变化、家庭规模、人口的地理分布状况等,就直接影响城乡居民的货币收入,影响人民的消费水平和消费结构的变化。表现在     

我国人口结构变化对经济转型的影响

人口问题已成为影响经济增长和经济转型的重要问题之一,特别是我国自2000年迈入老龄化社会以来,人口结构变化对经济转型的影响越来越大。本文主要研究人口结构与经济转型的关系,在构建相关指标基础上,利用我国省际面板数据,建立PVAR模型,对我国人口结构变化对经济转型的影响进行实证分析。研究认为,当人口结构由红利型向老龄化转变时,这一过程将会推动经济向消费驱动的增长方式转变,促进产业结构的服务化,产业结构调整在这一过程中对经济增长方式转变有显著的推动作用,同时还应注意到产业结构对人口结构的影响。     

人口性别结构的比较研究

性别比是影响人类婚姻、生育的基本因素,与人口再生产、人口分布及其它人口结构均有直接关系,过高或偏低都可能导致一系列社会问题。我国人口性别结构经过解放后30多年的社会、经济等因素的影响,发生了很大变化。笔者主要就解放后尤其是1982年到1987年全国和各地区人口性别结构的特点和变化及其成因进行简单的比较分析。     

子女角色效用及其对人口出生率的影响

人口出生率是进行人口研究最基本的量值,它对研究人口发展规律和制定科学的人口政策具有十分重要的作用.已有的资料和研究表明,社会经济是影响人口出生率非强制性因素中最根本、最持久的因素.我们同时也注意到,在社会经济对人口出生率产生影响的过程中,存在一个中间因素,它的变化发展受社会经济变化发展的影响,同时又对人口出生率产生十分明显和重要的影响,这个中间因素就是子女在家庭中所承担的角色效用.     

我国人口产业结构问题研究

人口产业结构是指按产业部门划分的在业人口所形成的比例关系,如人口的一、二、三次产业结构,各次产业内部的结构等。人口产业结构主要由经济结构和人口结构决定,但它又对经济结构和人口结构有反作用。研究人口产业结构的目的是为了在经济结构的调整和国民经济发展的基础上合理配置劳动力,促进社会经济的发展。本文通过与世界人口产业结构的发展趋势相对比,对我国近期的人口产业结构作一分析。     

中国人口年龄结构变动及其若干社会经济问题

人口年龄结构及其变化既是以往人口自身及社会经济变化的反映,也是决定未来人口发展趋势和社会经济发展的重要制约因素。人口未来生育水平、国民收入、产出结构和消费结构等都不同程度地受到人口年龄结构的影响。1990年第四次人口普查为深入研究和了解我国人口年龄结构变动提供了最新资料。结合前三次人口普查资料,本文对我国人口年龄结构现状、变动及其对社会经济问题的可能影响进行初步分析。     

人口结构变化对于经济增长的影响——以江苏省为例

改革开放三十多年,中国经济蓬勃发展,社会发生了巨大的变化.人口老龄化等人口结构变化问题受到了广泛关注.人口结构的转变体现在方方面面,本文从人口结构的变化出发,包括人口年龄结构、人口性别结构、人口城乡结构、人口教育结构等,结合江苏省的实际情况进行实证研究,说明了人口老龄化,城乡人口比例失衡对于江苏经济发展有着显著的负向影响;人口教育结构的优化即高素质人才比重上升,对于江苏经济增长有着显著的正向影响;人口性别比例的失衡一定程度对于经济增长有阻碍作用.     

The population and economic issues in West Asia after WW II]

Using statistical data, this report analyzes population and economic issues in West Asia after World War II. The high rate of development as witnessed in West Asian countries after their gaining of political independence following World War II was accompained by an accelerated population growth. This population growth spead unevenly among different areas. Based on surveys of 17 countries in West Asia, the socioeconomic development and rapid rate of population growth have largely affected the population age, sex, urban and rural residential, and economic sector employment structures. With the help of indicators and mathematical methods to plot population development, these countries can be divided into 3 categories based on population development features. The semiindustrial countries demonstrate a gradually slowing population growth rate, most of these countries having experienced a peak period in the growth rate during the time of population transition. The agricultural countries show a natural population growth rate which is generally considered low. The 3rd category, the oil-producing countries, are currently experiencing a peak in population growth. In general, the popuation growth rate has dramatically accelerated in West Asia since World War II. Between 1950-1960 this rate was 2.58%; between 1960-1970, 2.75%; and between 1970-1980, 2.92%. This rate shows an increase of 6.6% between 1950-1960 and 6.2% between 1960-1970. It surpasses the average world population growth rate and most of the developing country growth rates. It has been augmented by post-World War II economic and social developments.     

二战后日本人口城市化及城市问题研究

二战后,伴随着工业化的发展,日本开始了快速的集中型人口城市化。在经济高速增长时期,大都市圈、政令指定都市、地方性核心市等城市聚集了很多人口。如此快速的人口城市化也带来了很多问题。诸如城市的“过密”与“过疏”问题、城市环境污染问题等。日本积极采取措施,并取得了一定的成效。日本的这些成功经验对我国解决人口城市化过程中产生的问题具有借鉴意义。     

美国第二产业内部结构演变趋势及经济效应研究

随着美国经济的不断发展,其第二产业内部结构逐步发生变化,特别是工业部门内部出现新特点和新的变化趋势。究其原因主要是因为科技成果在工业生产中的运用,投资结构、消费结构、政府政策等发生变化。同时,工业内部结构变动带来了一定的经济效应,并且美国第二产业内部结构演变趋势对中国第二产业的发展带来启示。     

Population pressures in Latin America

In 1950 Latin America's population of 165 million was on a par with the 166 million of North America. 2 decades of growth at nearly 3% a year pushed the total to 405 million in 1985, vs. 264 million in North America. Despite substantial fertility declines since the 1960s, continued growth is ensured by the demographic momentum built into the region's large and youthful population bases. UN medium projections put the 2025 total at 779 million, compared to 345 million in North America. This Bulletin examines the main demographic changes in Latin America since World War II and their links to economic and social changes in the region as well as their implications for international and social relations. The post World War II population surge was accompanied by massive rural-ruban and international migration, rapid urbanization, large labor shifts out of agriculture into industry and services, increased education for both men and women, and higher labor force participation for females. The rural exodus was spurred by extreme land tenure inequalities and the urban bias of postwar industrialization. The labor-saving bias of this industrialization forced exploding city populations to turn to the informal sector for jobs. Population pressures on city services and housing as well as jobs have been further exacerbated by overconcentration in a few large cities and economic downturns of the 1980s. Recent fertility declines seem to be the result of both increased access to family planning and the economic and social pressures posed by the gap between young adults' aspirations and their ability to realize them. Population and economic pressures could induce faster fertility declines than now projected but in the short run are likely to mean more employment problems, continued rapid urban growth, and even larger international immigration flows within the hemisphere, particularly to the US.     

Recent fertility declines in Hong Kong: the role of the changing age structure

Abstract The birth rate in Hong Kong fell rapidly from 1961 to 1966: from 35·5 in 1961 to 25·8 in 1966 1 These rates are based on corrected estimates of population and of births made after the 1966 census. They differ somewhat from rates published before that, because the earlier rates had not been adjusted for some underregistration of births and had been calculated on larger population bases than proved to be justified by the census. - a decline of27%. Such a decline deserves special attention, because there are only a few examples of such trends in poor, high-fertility populations since World War II. We have just begun to find evidence of such declines in a few of the other rapidly developing countries of Asia: Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia.     

Reconstruction of fertility trends for the female population of the U.S.S.R

Abstract The article describes fertility trends among Soviet women during the past 40 years as compared to American women during the same period of time. Period-specific fertility rates were arrived at by relating the annual total of live births to a pattern of age-specific fertility rates estimated for each year and also to the number of women for each single year of age. These rates were then appropriately re-arranged and compressed into five-year age groups to form a series of cohort-specific fertility rates. The findings rest on somewhat conjectural estimates of live births and numbers of women in the U.S.S.R., some of which were originally prepared before the 1959 Soviet census. The tentative evidence shows that changes in the period-specific fertility of Soviet women were far more irregular and dramatic in the past, than among American women. After World War II these rates dropped in the U.S.S.R. below those of the United States, except for women over 30 years of age. On the other hand, the cohort-specific rates of Soviet women, although declining from one cohort to the next, at present show their magnitude in the cumulative series for older ages to be marked by higher than among American women. This experimental investigation of fertility in the Soviet Union makes no claim to high standards of accuracy and validity. Its intended purpose is to stress the desirability of shifting emphasis from the temporal and prognostic type of study, characteristic of present-day demographic research about the U.S.S.R., to the generational and historical approach.     

Population in Poland: the 1988 national census

Results are presented from Poland's 1988 census, the fifth census conducted since World War II. Consideration is given to the overall decline in the rate of population growth; the depopulation of the countryside in favor of urban areas; economic activity levels; age and sex distribution, especially for the aged and for those aged 18-30 and living in rural areas; educational levels; and housing conditions.     

Recent Immigration and Studies of Ethnic Assimilation

Studies of ethnic assimilation are frequently based upon status comparisons between the foreign born and their "children," the second generation. The assumption that recent immigration has been negligible and that the foreign born represent a closed population is implicit in that procedure. However, analysis of official statistics indicates that immigrants who arrived since World War II now comprise a substantial share of the foreign-born population, while the foreign born who arrived before quota restrictions are rapidly being depleted by mortality. Recent immigrants, as intended by quota legislation, are of much higher socioeconomic status than immigrants who arrived before World War 1. Hence, characteristics of both recent immigrants and earlier arrivals are confounded in data for the foreign-born population. Existing data do not permit rigorous assessment of this confusion or adequate control for it. This paper suggests that tabulations of the foreign born by "year of arrival" would improve the sociological utility of data for ethnic groups.     

俄罗斯人口性别比失调问题探析

由于二战时期特殊的历史条件和政治军事原因,俄罗斯的青壮年男性死亡率很高,从此开了该国人口性别比严重失调的先河;时至今日,俄罗斯的经济发展缓慢,加之地理环境、生育观念和生活习惯等因素的影响,更使得人口性别比失调现象日益严重。性别比偏低导致婚姻家庭领域的不健康趋势上升,女性的权益和地位受到严重损害,单身老年妇女处境尤为艰难,非婚生儿童和青少年的抚养、教育等问题也日趋严重,从而直接酿成了俄罗斯难以摆脱的人口危机。不从根本上解决性别比失调问题,俄罗斯就难以摆脱棘手的人口危机。