规范网络舆论：政府、媒体和社会共同发力

近年来,网络、手机成为舆论的主要载体,网络舆论对社会生活和政府行政的影响越来越大。面对转型期巨大的舆论压力,政府、媒体和社会应该协同合作,通过加快网络法制化建设的步伐、发挥主流网站的作用、建立社会舆情搜集分析系统、发挥各类舆论领袖的作用等渠道和途径,规范网络舆论,化解因网络舆论而产生的潜在社会风险。     

关于正确引导网络舆论的思考

随着网络技术的发展,网民人数的激增,网络舆论逐渐显示出巨大的影响力,同时也带来了一系列的负面效果,因此要加强控制不良言论,正确引导网络舆论。针对网络舆论的特点,本文提出了疏堵并重、软硬兼施的控制策略。     

公众舆论、市民社会与法治

公众舆论是市民社会的重要结构性要素。它作为市民社会民主权利表达的最基本方式,发挥公共领域的合法性功能,为政治的合法性提供基础。它还是权力制约机制的核心,通过舆论监督实现对公权力的制约,从而促进民主与法治的实现。然而它在垄断资本主义阶段却产生了异化,丧失了对公权力的制约功能。因此,我国在建构市民社会的过程中,在保证公众舆论发挥应有作用的同时,也要避免这种异化现象。     

网络生存与社会控制

:跨越地域或时间限制的网络从正负两方面影响着人类世界 ,最终会引发全社会生存形态的深刻革命。这标志着一个崭新的变革时代的到来。人类只有掌握稳定的网络空间 ,谋求有序的社会控制 ,才能主宰自己未来的命运     

网络艺术传播中的社会行为

网络艺术作品的生产过程具有复合性、欣赏性、协作性和多样性的特征;网络艺术的传播具有信息流通的双向性、视听符号的统一性、现实世界与虚拟世界的交互性、传播广度的宽泛性、传播者的自控性以及传播者与受众共享性的特征。因此,无论是生产还是消费,网络艺术的传播行为都呈现出社会化的互动过程。网络艺术传播正是在这样一个双向选择与互动中得到不断深化与发展。     

传统媒体舆论与网络舆论的异同分析

网络舆论是舆论中的一种,具有大致相同的发展阶段及舆论所具有的一般特征,但作为一种特殊的舆论形式,它因媒体不同而具有不同的场域、范围,有其自身内涵和管理对策。不同之处表现在网络舆论主体间的交互性、匿名性、平等性,内容的丰富性、多元性、难控性,形成的快捷性、原生性、易变性,影响深远、巨大,但具有非理性、盲目性和弱权威性,而传统媒体舆论更具有理性和权威性,两者趋于合作,优势互补。     

再论网络舆论概念及特征

本文从辨析＂舆论＂的基本概念入手,对＂网络舆论＂定义进行重新界定,认为网络舆论是社会公众或社会组织机构通过网络对客观社会表达的意见。在此基础上分析了网络舆论的全民性与互动性、全球性与即时性、海量性与爆炸性、虚拟性与自行性等特征。     

社会网络对健康行为的影响

个人社会网络对健康的积极作用已得到诸多研究的验证。研究认为,社会网络能推动人们的健康行为,从而提升健康水平,但这一影响机制尚需经验研究的支持。本研究利用一项大规模社会调查数据,检验了社会网络对“母乳喂养”这一健康行为的影响机制。研究结果发现,新生儿母亲社会网络中强关系比例越高,越可能在新生儿成长的早期为母亲提供实际的帮助和社会支持,从而提高母亲提供母乳喂养的可能性;她们的社会网络中如果有医务人员,能更有效地传递相关知识和信息,也可提高母乳喂养的可能。因此,社会网络主要通过提供社会支持与信息来促进健康行为,从而提高健康水平。     

思想政治教育视野下网络舆论环境的优化

在如今这个网络飞速发展的时代,信息的传播更加广泛迅速,舆论环境对社会的影响越来越显著,这不得不引起思想政治教育者的深思和警醒.网络舆论环境作为思想政治教育环境的一部分,影响着人们的思想观念、政治观点、道德品质的形成和发展,而思想政治教育对环境也具有能动的改造和营造作用,必须采取积极的对策来应对网络舆论环境带来的消极影响,从而优化舆论环境,为小康社会的建成创造良好的社会氛围.     

公共事件网络舆论发展态势与应对

2012年中国网民用户已突破5亿,新媒体成为人们传递信息、发表言论、生成舆论的重要平台。近两年,"小悦悦事件""、北京特大暴雨事件"等社会热点事件进一步彰显了新媒体对于公共事件网络舆论传播的重要性。新媒体在为受众搭建更广阔舆论平台的同时也带来了"网络谣言"、"网络暴力"等负面影响。进一步加强网络舆情引导成为社会各界关注的焦点。     

Introduction to the Social and Psychological Dynamics of Collective Action

Collective action is one of the core mechanisms of social change, and thus of major importance to social scientists, practitioners, and policy-makers. Our goal in editing this issue is to bring together recent advances on the social and psychological dynamics of collective action among members of disadvantaged as well as advantaged groups. This article introduces the contributions to this issue after a brief review of the major psychological perspectives on collective action (social identity, relative deprivation, and resource mobilization theories), and a discussion of the considerable diversity in collective action research in terms of contexts, populations, and measures. We hope that this issue contributes to a more multi-faceted and integrative understanding of the social and psychological dynamics of collective action in terms of theory, research, policy, and practice.     

Rules, Social Ontology and Collective Identity

Mainstream game theory explains cooperation as the outcome of the interaction of agents who permanently pursue their individual goals. Amartya Sen argues instead that cooperation can only be understood by positing a type of rule-following behaviour that can be (and often is) out of phase with the pursuit of individual goals, due to the existence of a collective identity. However, Sen does not clarify the ontological preconditions for the type of social behaviour he describes. I will argue that Sen's account of collective identity can be best interpreted in the light of John Searle's notion of collective intentionality, while Sen's explanation of rule-following behavior and agency is best understood using the critical realist transformational model of social activity.     

Collective Action in Modern Times: How Modern Expressions of Prejudice Prevent Collective Action

This contribution addresses modern forms of group-based discrimination, and examines how these impact upon the likelihood that people engage in collective action. Based on a review of the relevant literature, we predict that modern expressions of prejudice are less likely to be perceived as indicating group-based disadvantage and hence elicit less anger, protest, and collective action than old-fashioned prejudice. We present three studies to offer empirical support for this prediction. In Study 1 ( N = 116), female participants were led to believe that the general public endorses either old-fashioned or modern sexist views. In Study 2 ( N = 44) and 3 ( N = 37) female participants were exposed to a student supervisor who allegedly held either old-fashioned or modern sexist views. Results of all three studies indicate that modern sexism is less likely to be perceived as a form of discrimination, and as a result elicits less anger at the source and less support for collective action (Study 1), intentions to protest (Study 2), and collective protest behavior (Study 3) than old-fashioned sexism. In discussing the results of this research, we connect to current insights on antecedents of collective action, and identify conclusions from our analysis that are relevant for societal and organizational policy making.     

Collective Action Among Private Tenants

Summary The paper describes the action of a group of low-income tenants,inexperienced in dealing with bureaucracies or in understandingthe complexities of landlord-tenant law, who attempted to improvetheir living conditions by using the Government's Rent Tribunal While the legal remedies provided under the Rent Acts were effective,the tenants were reluctant to use them until they had organizedas a group. This was because of the particular relationshipthey had with the landlady who made it difficult for them todiscuss with her their rights as tenants. Their only way ofchanging this was through collective action We discuss the use of conflict strategies in a short-term issue;that is, in fighting a landlady for better living conditions(both lower rents and adequate repairs). It illustrates thedifficulty of mobilizing a group of people whose ususal everydayexperiences are that it is difficult, if not futile, to takeaction to improve their situation. This is so in spite of machineryset up by the Government to arbitrate over rents for privateproperty. The difficulty lies in the precarious financial positionin which deprived groups often find themselves, making it easyfor them to fall into rent arrears and therefore be liable toeviction from their accommodation. It is difficult also becauseproperty owners are more likely to have easy access to the legalmachinery. These tenants are usually in no position to holda landlord to his side of the contract because they lack theresources to pay the legal fees entailed     

Social Action,the Group and Society

There is a longstanding commitment to social action in Group Work. This can be traced back to the work of Jane Addams and Grace Coyle and many others with whom they worked and shared ideas. However, as we follow the history of Group Work we find a shift in the meaning of social action. The role of groups in society has changed from that of instrument for social change to that of training ground for democracy. The more recent writing of Lee, Breton, Lewis and others suggests the possibility of restoring the centrality of groups to social action in the context of new social realities and contemporary thinking about society and the state.     

The Next Generation of Collective Action Research

The articles presented in this volume describe part of a new generation of interest and vigor in the social psychological study of collective action. This new wave builds nicely on the foundation set by social identity, self-categorization, and relative deprivation theories but also introduces a number of important innovative perspectives and variables. In this commentary, I review some of these expansions and additions, raise a number of conceptual concerns that arise out of these new directions, and discuss more generally some novel and important directions that emerge from the work presented in the volume and in other recent work on collective action.     

组织动员、行动策略与机会结构——业主集体行动结果的影响因素分析

本文从组织动员、行动策略和机会结构三个维度出发,基于发生在1999-2012年的中国191个业主维权案例,系统考察了纠纷类型、参与人数、维权方式、业主组织和政府反应五个因素对业主集体维权结果的影响。研究发现,在涉及政府部门的行政型纠纷和混合型纠纷中,业主不易维权成功;动员一定数量的业主有助于集体维权成功,但并不意味着动员人数越多,成功可能性越大;不同维权方式及其组合会影响维权结果,非制度化的激进行为并不利于业主实现其利益诉求;真正代表业主利益且能有效运作的业主组织可以显著提高业主维权成功的可能性;政府的行政失当行为(包括不当干预和行政不作为)大大增加了业主维权的难度。这些发现在一定程度上揭示了当前中国强国家-弱社会的现状。     

群体网络与集体行动生发的可能性

群体的社会网络对于集体行动的生发有着非常重要的影响.群体成员内部的积极情感与针对反对派的消极情感借助网络得以产生、传播和强化,群体的凝聚力以及参与集体行动的内驱力也因此得以强化;通过群体的社会网络,群体成员对社会问题的诠释得以不断传播、交流和整合,从而上升为集体层面的意义建构,这种高度共意性的意义建构能对集体行动潜在参与者产生强大的动员潜能;此外,群体网络通过对信息的传递、对行动者的监控、激励与庇护、对组织者和积极分子的供给施加影响,从而改变潜在参与者集体行动的预期收益,进而改变着他们的行动选择.     

Social Change and Citizen Action

This paper explores the import of two selected philosophical/ theological perspectives, feminist theory and liberation theology, for social group work practice with citizen groups. Its purposes are to focus on the power of social beliefs and theoretical perspectives to shape the meaning of life circumstances and situations for populations, and either to provide support for group action, or engender resignation or cynical indifference. Social group work's philosophy of democratic participation and religious commitment to social justice produced a unity of purpose for practitioners. The identification and incorporation of facets of liberation theology and feminist theory offer more current and perhaps sophisticated frames for integrated practice. Both perspectives highlight the centrality of the participant's thinking, knowing and doing both for personal becoming and community renewal.     

社会行动:韦伯和吉登斯行动理论之比较

社会行动一直是社会学理论研究的一个主题,马克斯·韦伯首次揭示出人类社会行动的理性化特征,并按理性程度将社会行动分为四种理想类型,对于把人类的思维方式从神学中解脱出来发挥了重要作用.吉登斯作为社会理论发展的批判继承者,在对社会行动理性化反思的基础上,对社会行动内涵、无意识社会行动、行动的合理化、行动意外后果的应对等问题进行了全新诠释和分析.他把社会行动看作是一种持续绵延的行动流,是一种能动,并在有意识和无意识之间抽离出了一种实践意识,亦把社会行动分为本能行动、实践行动和话语行动,把合理化作为解释社会行动的依据,赋予了行动者更多的主动性,深化和发展了社会行动理论.就此对韦伯和吉登斯的社会行动理论进行比较分析,以期能够准确把握社会行动的研究趋势.