A Comparative Study of Segregation Patterns in Belgium,Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden: Neighbourhood Concentration and Representation of Non-European Migrants

In this paper, we use geo-coded, individual-level register data on four European countries to compute comparative measures of segregation that are independent of existing geographical sub-divisions. The focus is on non-European migrants, for whom aggregates of egocentric neighbourhoods (with different population counts) are used to assess small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale segregation patterns. At the smallest scale level, corresponding to neighbourhoods with 200 persons, patterns of over- and under-representation are strikingly similar. At larger-scale levels, Belgium stands out as having relatively strong over- and under-representation. More than 55% of the Belgian population lives in large-scale neighbourhoods with moderate under- or over-representation of non-European migrants. In the other countries, the corresponding figures are between 30 and 40%. Possible explanations for the variation across countries are differences in housing policies and refugee placement policies. Sweden has the largest and Denmark the smallest non-European migrant population, in relative terms. Thus, in both migrant-dense and native-born-dense areas, Swedish neighbourhoods have a higher concentration and Denmark a lower concentration of non-European migrants than the other countries. For large-scale, migrant-dense neighbourhoods, however, levels of concentration are similar in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Thus, to the extent that such concentrations contribute to spatial inequalities, these countries are facing similar policy challenges.     

Residential Segregation of European and Non-European Migrants in Sweden: 1990–2012

In this paper, we analyse how a migrant population that is both expanding and changing in composition has affected the composition of Swedish neighbourhoods at different scales. The analysis is based on Swedish geocoded individual-level register data for the years 1990, 1997, 2005, and 2012. This allows us to compute and analyse the demographic composition of neighbourhoods that range in size from encompassing the nearest 100 individuals to the nearest 409,600 individuals. First, the results confirm earlier findings that migrants, especially those from non-European countries, face high levels of segregation in Sweden. Second, large increases in the non-European populations in combination with high levels of segregation have increased the proportion of non-European migrants living in neighbourhoods that already have high proportions of non-European migrants. Third, in contrast to what has been the established image of segregation trends in Sweden, and in an apparent contrast to the finding that non-European migrants increasingly live in migrant-dense neighbourhoods, our results show that segregation, when defined as an uneven distribution of different populations across residential contexts, is not increasing. On the contrary, for both European migrants from 1990 and non-European migrants from 1997, there is a downward trend in unevenness as measured by the dissimilarity index at all scale levels. However, if segregation is measured as differences in the neighbourhood concentration of migrants, segregation has increased.     

The Measurement of Ethnic Segregation in the Netherlands: Differences Between Administrative and Individualized Neighbourhoods

The debate on residential segregation often focuses on the concentration of migrant groups in specific neighbourhoods and its presumed effects on, e.g. personal life chances and social inclusion. However, cross-regional and international comparisons of segregation are hampered by differences in the size and delineation of the spatial units that are used for its measurement: the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. This paper therefore measures segregation for scalable ‘individualized neighbourhoods’, defined by a predefined number of closest neighbours instead of by administrative or statistical boundaries. This approach allows for measuring segregation levels and patterns across different spatial scales, ranging from the micro-scale (50 neighbours) to larger spatial areas (51,200 neighbours). Using population register data from the Netherlands, we study the segregation of four different migrant origin groups across individualized neighbourhoods at eleven spatial scales. Outcomes are compared to those found using administrative neighbourhoods. We are especially interested in how levels and patterns of segregation change with an increase in scale level. Our findings indicate that segregation levels and patterns are different across various spatial scales, and the most relevant spatial scale is also group-specific. Measuring segregation while using scalable individualized neighbourhoods seems an appropriate way to deal with both the multiscalar nature of segregation and the large within-district variety associated with it.     

Partner Choice and the Transition to Parenthood for Second-Generation Women of Turkish and Moroccan Origin in Belgium

Studies on fertility among second-generation migrant women across Europe have mainly treated the second generation as a rather homogenous group, not linking and distinguishing fertility patterns by type of partner. This study investigates how and to what extent the origin and generation of the partner (endogamous or exogamous as well as diversity in endogamy) of Turkish and Moroccan second-generation women in Belgium is related to first-birth rates. We distinguish three types of partnerships: those in an endogamous union with a first-generation partner, those in an endogamous union with a second-generation partner, and those in an exogenous union where the partner is of native Belgian origin. We use linked Census-Register data for the period 2001–2006. Applying event history models, our findings reveal clear differences between the endogamous and exogamous unions with respect to the timing of first births. Second-generation women of both origin groups have the lowest parenthood rates when the partner is of native Belgian origin. However, no variation is found within endogamous unions. For endogamous unions with a first-generation partner, the parenthood rates are approximately the same (and not higher, as was expected) compared to when the partner is also of second generation.     

60年代以来美国城市种族暴力冲突的特征及其根源

自 2 0世纪以来 ,美国城市的种族暴力冲突时有发生 ,但就其频繁性、规模和破坏性而言 ,惟 2 0世纪 60年代以来最为突出。其主要特征是 ,所有暴力冲突都发生在中心城市 ,而且其重心也在向经济发展蒸蒸日上的西部和南部城市转移。虽然黑人和白人的矛盾仍居主导地位 ,但有色人种间的冲突颇为引人注目。其促成因素在于当代美国人口流动和城市经济结构发生质变后聚居于中心城市的有色种族日益增长的贫困化、新形式的种族歧视、不公正的司法、日趋复杂的种族关系及新闻媒体的煽动性宣传等等 ,这些都是当代美国城市社会问题的突出表现     

族际居住隔离:边缘族群三撬人的迁徙落寨与族群认同的建构

三撬人是因清代清水江流域山地开发而由湖南靖州锹里地区迁徙至黔东南黎平、锦屏两县交界区域的边缘族群. 三撬人的迁徙落寨和族际居住隔离模式,既是这一区域间资源竞争中必然结成的合作、区分、对抗的一种物质化的隐喻形式,也是其族群生存必然采取的一种文化保护和文化表达形式. 多族群共生环境中的族际居住隔离模式,既是族群边界区分的一种形式,也是建构族群认同的一种必然形式.     

制度歧视与结构排斥：北京市青年流动人口职业流动变动研究

职业是个体经济地位的关键指标,也是群体社会分层的重要标志.作为中国的政治、文化、经济中心,北京有着比任何其他城市都多的高端职业,故而一直都是青年流动人口寻求职业发展的重要场域.通过使用多次普查和小普查数据,比较、分析了近三十年北京市青年流动人口职业地位的纵向变动趋势和影响因素.结果表明：本地市民和流动人口的职业地位均得到改善,且高于全国平均水平;但由于较低的职业技能和较少的社会资本,青年人口的职业地位都较低,在其他条件相同的情况下,青年乡—城流动人口的职业地位低于年长乡—城流动人口,显示出作为青年人、农村人和外来人的三重弱势.因为制度性和结构性歧视所造成的社会分层被顽固地再生产和维持着.     

超声空化处理对冷金属过渡焊接过程的影响

基于 2017年流动人口动态监测数据和 2015年全国 1%人口抽样调查数据,从社会排斥角度研究居住隔离对农民工市民化的影响及其机制。研究发现,居住隔离显著降低了农民工市民化,居住隔离程度越高,农民工市民化程度越低,两者之间的负向关系在新生代农民工和在大型城市就业的农民工群体中更为明显。居住隔离通过影响城镇社会对农民工的社会排斥,间接影响个体城镇社会经济状况和文化适应状况,进而对农民工市民化产生抑制作用。本研究为有效解决人口半城镇化问题和推进农民工有序市民化提供重要政策借鉴。     

农民工收入的人力资本回报与加强对农民工的教育培训研究

本文主要讨论两个问题:一是通过对农民工收入的教育回报率和工龄回报率的分析,说明人力资本对农民工收入具有怎样的影响;二是讨论如何建立更加适应农民工需求的学历教育和职业培训体系,加强对农民工的人力资本投资。本文对开发与利用农民工人力资源提出若干建议:加强对农民工人力资本投资,使其有利于提高农民工经济收入,适应和推动经济发展方式转变,形成一种良性循环;加强对农民工(特别是对低收入农民工)的基础性教育培训,推动教育公平;加强适应农民工需求的教育培训,促进农民工的全面发展。

Abstract：

This paper analyses the relationship between migrants income and their human capital,and has implications to strengthen schooling education and occupational training for migrant workers.The study compares educational repayment rate among different population groups,shows education has significant impacts on migrant workers income with low contribution rate.The educational repayment rate of migrant workers is lower than urban residents.Working age hardly influences migrants income,while for those with hig...     

农民工居住环境与年老后定居方式选择——基于辽宁497名农民工的调查数据

基于497份辽宁省农民工抽样调查数据,采用mlogit模型分析农民工在城市的居住环境与其年老后的定居方式选择之间的关系。结果表明：农民工在城市的居住环境越好,越倾向于年老后在城市定居;随着农民工在城市的住房质量和人均居住面积的提高,年老后定居城市的概率上升;邻居类型对农民工年老后的定居方式没有显著影响;在县城务工的农民工比在省城务工的农民工更可能在年老后定居城市;与女性农民工相比,男性更偏向于年老后回农村居住;受教育程度越高的农民工,年老后定居城市的可能性越高。     

人力资本的获得与农村流动人口的社会流动——一种立足于制度视角的分析

从人力资本配置制度角度分析了农村流动人口在城市的社会流动问题。在城市，农村流动人口之所以不能有效地通过职业转换实现社会地位的改变，一个很重要的原因是现行的人力配置制度已经为农村流动设定了不平等的社会流动机会，从而进一步影响第二代农村流动人口的社会流动。这里从教育体制、培训制度、单位制的人事制度以及生产体制等方面分析了农村流动人口的人力资本获得与他们的社会流动的关系。结论是，仅仅改变户口制度是不够的，必须进一步系统地改革人力资本配置制度；提高农村流动人口的人力资本水平，对他们获得更多的社会流动机会具有至关重要的价值。     

矿业城市社会经济网络对企业的束缚效应

矿业城市因矿业企业而兴,是企业带动城市变迁的。从城市中企业群落演化的角度,研究了矿业城市为什么难以实现经济转型与可持续发展,得出结论:矿业企业塑造了矿业城市独特的社会经济网络,正是这种独特的社会经济网络导致矿业企业与城市企业群落的同步衰退,束缚了矿业城市中企业群落的竞争力。为了促进矿业城市可持续发展,需要从改变城市的社会经济网络入手。     

中心与边缘：少数民族城乡流动中的社会性别因素

当代中国的少数民族流动人群背井离乡来到城市，纵然他们的劳动力被城市所承认，成为发展的生力军，处于“城市的中 心”，但是他们却由于社会性别因素的影响，在传统观念、利益分配、性别分工和劳动需求的性别区分等方面受到了不平等及不 公正的对待和束缚，而徘徊在“城市的边缘”。从社会性别视角出发，试图寻找在少数民族城乡流动抉择中的内在规律与动力 机制，借此还原这些在城市中心被边缘化的少数民族流动人口的流动背后的社会性别因素，为建立各民族交往交流交融的社 会格局提供借鉴和反思。     

对进城务工人员民族关系认同的调查分析

西北地区城市化进程的加快和大量流动人口的涌入，给城市民族关系格局带来了新的变化和特点。本研究通过对来自全国不同省区务工人员基本情况及对关涉民族关系的各类认识和自身的介入式行为的调研，运用科学方法进行了数据统计和理论分析，得出了一些初步的调查结果，并在此基础上提出相应的对策建议，以期对西北地区城市化进程中的民族关系的理论研究和实践性认识有所助益。     

城市民族管理协调机制

随着城市化进程的加速,城市中的少数民族人口迅速增长,城市民族的管理协调机制也应该与时俱进,以适应新的情况和新的发展。城市民族工作的重点应该放在社区,社区应该对少数民族实行人性化管理。同时,建立起政府与少数民族的联系机制,实现民族管理的社会化,以促进民族的团结和社会的稳定。     

关于怒江中上游地区移民与退耕还林的可持续发展研究

本文根据可持续理论、以生态环境遭到严重破坏的怒江中上游峡谷地区人与环境的发展关系为研究对象,针对目前该地区已出现的“移民”现象及为解决生态环境问题而欲采取的“退耕还林”措施,综合环境、社会和文化诸方发展关系,指出“移民”将可能导致移民民族文化的丧失及其它社会问题的产生;“退耕还林”在目前情况下有必要而无可能,可以通过“恢复并生产--重建并生产--协调发展”之路解决当地生态环境问题并充分体现实施环境保护的自然与社会意义.     

Factors Associated with Return Migration of First-Generation Immigrants in Belgium (2001–2011)

Belgium is a country with a long and diverse history of migration. Given the diverse context of immigration to Belgium, reasons for return migration will most likely vary as well. With this study, we want to quantify the return migration of Belgium’s immigrants and assess whether socio-economic, sociodemographic and health factors are related to return migration. Individually linked census and register data comprising the total Belgian first-generation immigrant population aged 25+?were used. Age-standardized emigration rates (ASER) by migrant origin and gender were calculated for the period 2001–2011. Additionally, relative return migration differences were calculated by country of origin and gender, adjusted for age group, length of stay, household composition, socio-economic indicators (education, home ownership and employment status) and self-rated health in 2001. Return migration was most common among immigrants from Spanish descent and from the neighbouring countries and higher among men than among women. Return migration was highly selective in terms of older age, lower length of stay in Belgium, not living with a partner or children, being high-educated, unemployed and in good health. Key issues for future research include examining the reasons for return migration, identifying the country of destination and accounting for household characteristics.

     

比利时革命与1830-1839年伦敦会议

比利时为争取独立，反抗1815年维也纳会议强行把比利时合并于荷兰的决议，于1830年发动了起义。为了解决比利时问题，1830-1839年欧洲列强在伦敦展开旷日持久的谈判，最终承认和保证比利时的独立与中立国地位，其中，英国外交大臣帕麦斯顿勋爵扮演了领导角色。     

江苏省外来人口结构实证研究：在迁出地职业分布——基于“五普”数据分析

外来人口的户籍登记地职业分布是外来人口结构中的重要因素。就各市来讲,外来人口的职业分布具有不同的特征,但从省外迁入江苏各市的劳动力职业结构与省内各市之间迁移的劳动力职业结构基本相同。各市流入人口的职业分布一般是受其经济规模、产业状况、城镇规模、历史发展状况等因素影响的。     

老年流动人口居留意愿的影响因素分析——以布迪厄理论为视角

运用多种统计分析方法,以布迪厄理论为视角,探讨经济、文化、社会资本因素对老年流动人口居留意愿的影响。研究显示,三类资本及社会人口特征对流动老人的居留意愿均有显著影响。在我国人口老龄化、少子化的背景下,流动老人弥补了当前社会养老育幼服务、基本公共服务的"短板",并能延续我国家庭养老育幼的优秀文化传统。为此,政府应当制定相应的政策,创新社会治理方式,为流动老人提供整合的养老服务,从而减轻他们的流动代价,提高其生活质量。