特岗教师职业幸福感现状调查与提升策略

“特岗计划”实施15年来对我国农村教育发展起到了重要的促进作用。特岗教师职业幸福感是审视“特岗计划”实施成效的重要维度,不仅影响乡村教师队伍的建设,也影响公平而有质量教育的实现。对全国31个省份特岗教师进行调查后,从健康幸福感、认知幸福感、主观幸福感和社会幸福感4个维度,深入剖析了特岗教师职业幸福感现状,同时,也从性别、年龄、学历等人口统计学变量以及区域、乡县、学校文化等因素,对特岗教师职业幸福感进行了差异性分析。回归分析结果显示,个体层面、工作环境、社会环境、专业发展等因素对特岗教师职业幸福感有显著影响。为此,可以从扩大理解与支持范围、营造良好的社会环境,把握服务地特点、推动差异性补偿政策落实,建立与完善科学、动态的特岗教师管理系统,发挥人才优势、提供多种发展途径与支持渠道等不同方面,采取有针对性与差异性的提升策略。     

Family Trajectories and Well-being of Children Born to Lone Mothers in the UK

We investigate how lone mothers’ heterogeneity in partnership trajectories is associated with children’s well-being. We use data from the Millennium Cohort Study, which follows a large sample of children born in the UK in 2000–2002. We divide children who were born to lone mothers into four groups based on their mothers’ partnership trajectories between birth and age seven, which cover more than 80% of these children’s family experiences. We then analyse how these trajectories are associated with markers of health, cognitive and socio-emotional outcomes measured at around age seven. We find that compared to the children that live continuously with lone mothers, children whose biological father stably joined the household have better cognitive and socio-emotional outcomes. In contrast, children in trajectories characterised by living with a stepfather or who experienced biological father joining in the family followed by biological parents’ dissolution had outcomes similar to children living continuously with lone mothers. The results underscore the importance of treating children born to lone mothers as a heterogeneous category.     

建立中国特色的社区综合养老社会服务体系

支持老人就地养老是当前老年社会服务的一个核心实践。它不仅能够让老人在熟悉的社区环境里度过晚年,维系对身心健康具有重要意义的社会网络和社会支持,而且与机构照顾相比,能够显著降低社会成本。分析我国当前社区养老服务的有利条件和不利因素,总结梳理国际上的养老服务经验,提出在我国城市和农村建立社区综合养老社会服务体系的框架。这一框架试图将当前参与养老社会服务的多元主体纳入其中,包括社区养老服务、机构养老服务、居家养老服务、家庭(类似家庭或模拟家庭)养老、结伴(老年公寓)养老等方面。最后就政府的宏观战略规划、完善社会服务支持体系和构建良好的养老环境提出了政策建议,以期对社区综合养老服务体系的建立和完善提供必要支持。     

基于扎根理论的旅游体验与老年人主观幸福感关系研究——以安徽合肥市46名老人为例

在应对人口老龄化带来的社会问题时,除了要关注老年人口身体素质和生活品质,同时也要关注他们的心理健康,关注老年人的获得感和幸福感。当前,旅游已逐渐成为老年人排解闲暇时间的一种重要的休闲方式。研究运用扎根理论的范式,对46名老年旅游者进行深度访谈,并将访谈内容逐级编码,明确老年人旅游体验对主观幸福感具有重要影响,老年人在旅游中获得的身体健康、人际交往、习得新知、心情愉悦和老有所为的体验可提升其主观幸福感。     

Happy People Have Children: Choice and Self-Selection into Parenthood

There is mixed evidence in the existing literature on whether children are associated with greater subjective well-being, with the correlation depending on which countries and populations are considered. We here provide a systematic analysis of this question based on three different datasets: two cross-national and one national panel. We show that the association between children and subjective well-being is positive only in developed countries, and for those who become parents after the age of 30 and who have higher income. We also provide evidence of a positive selection into parenthood, whereby happier individuals are more likely to have children.     

休闲活动、健康自评对老年人主观幸福感的影响研究

随着我国人口老龄化程度加深和老年人预期寿命的延长, 其生活质量和幸福感水平的提高离不开积极的社会参与。休闲活动作为社会参与的重要内容, 对提高老年人的生活质量和幸福感具有重要作用。文章根据中国老年人健康长寿影响因素跟踪调查数据并基于多元回归模型, 考察了不同年龄段老年人休闲活动参与、健康自评对其主观幸福感的影响差异并检验了健康自评的中介效应。结果显示:休闲活动参与度和健康自评对老年人主观幸福感影响显著, 均与老年人的积极情绪显著正相关, 与其消极情绪负相关; 参加休闲活动对其积极情绪的促进作用大于对其消极情绪的缓解效应; 休闲活动在不同年龄段老年人身上产生的影响存在差异; 老年人健康自评在休闲活动参与和主观幸福感之间发挥了部分中介效应。     

Parenthood and Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Leisure and Paid Work

This study contributes to our knowledge on the association between parenthood and psychological well-being by examining whether pre-parenthood lifestyles (leisure and paid work) moderate the transition to parenthood. We expected that people with less active lifestyles would find it easier to adapt to the demands of parenthood. Using eleven waves of the Swiss Household Panel (N = 1332 men and 1272 women; 1999–2008, 2010), fixed effects models are estimated for men and women separately. Results show that—on average—parenthood was not associated with well-being for men, whereas it increased well-being for women. As expected, the well-being premium/cost to parenthood was contingent upon individuals’ lifestyle before the transition to parenthood. For men, parenthood reduced well-being, but only if they frequently participated in leisure before the birth of the child. For women, motherhood had a beneficial effect on well-being but this effect was weaker for women who combined leisure with working long hours before motherhood.     

过去时间洞察力与社会信心的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

基于心理时间和社会认知的视角，采用问卷调查了全国范围内16个省份和自治区的二三线城市常住居民2 827人，探究过去时间洞察力、幸福感和主观社会经济地位与社会信心的关系。研究表明：（1）过去消极对社会信心有负向预测作用；过去积极对社会信心有正向预测作用。（2）幸福感在过去时间洞察力（过去消极和过去积极）和社会信心之间起中介作用。（3）主观社会经济地位在过去消极和幸福感之间起调节作用；主观社会经济地位在过去积极和社会信心之间起调节作用。研究结果为提升公众幸福感和增进社会信心提供了依据和启示。     

社会资本对农村老人健康的影响

基于社会资本理论,将社会资本划分为结构型社会资本和认知型社会资本两类,对2016年中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据进行分析,研究发现：在控制其他影响健康变量的情况下,结构型社会资本和认知型社会资本均对农村老人健康产生显著正向影响;结构型和认知型社会资本通过影响农村老人的身体活动和积极心态进而影响老人的健康评价;积极心态在社会资本影响老人健康过程中发挥的中介效应大于身体活动。为充分发挥社会资本这一非制度性因素对老人健康的促进作用,需进一步提升农村老人社会资本的积累,注重农村地区信任、互惠和互助等认知型社会资本的建设。     

非正规金融、社会资本与主观幸福感 ——基于CFPS数据的研究

文章利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,运用中介效应分析研究非正规金融对主观幸福感的影响机制,运用ordered logit模型研究社会资本在非正规金融与主观幸福感关系中的作用。研究结果表明,非正规借入对主观幸福感存在显著负向影响,其中消费、健康的途径存在中介作用,而创业的途径没有发挥中介作用;非正规借出对主观幸福感也存在显著负向影响,收入的途径存在中介作用;社会资本对主观幸福感存在显著正向影响,同时对非正规金融与主观幸福感之间的关系存在调节作用。通过采取措施强化以上影响机制的积极作用,削弱其消极作用,可以缓解非正规金融活动带来的主观幸福感损失。     

老年、老化与老龄化的概念辨析

年龄是衡量个体进入某个生命阶段的常用标志,不仅用来统计个体从出生至死亡所经历的整年数,也用来反映个体某一时期的生理、心理特征,同时也是社会和文化对个体实施的有意义的标记。承载了一定年龄数的老年,首先是一个反映个体生理、心理特征的概念;与此同时,不同的社会文化在法律、法规、角色规范、价值观等社会设置方面对老年的规定和解释也各不相同。老化最初是指个体层面上的从成年到老年生理功能、心理能力的衰退过程,后来越来越多地与个体的整个生命历程以及个体所在的社会文化环境联系起来。老龄化是一个宏观层面上的人口学概念,指老年人口在总人口中比重提高的过程。老年、老化、老龄化三个概念由于在某种程度上均与年龄相关而存在联系,但是它们含义不同,不能混淆使用。     

沈阳市城市居民主观幸福感研究

本文通过对沈阳市622名居民主观幸福感进行问卷调查,结果表明：（1）沈阳市城市居民主观幸福感体验在心理健康体验、自我接受体验、心态平衡体验、人际适应体验水平方面明显低于全国平均水平;在社会信心体验、成长发展体验、目标价值体验、身体健康体验、家庭氛围体验上明显高于全国平均水平;（2）沈阳市居民不同群体的主观幸福感不同。具体表现为,男性的心理健康体验与人际适应体验高于女性;青年与老年人有着更高的心理健康体验与心态平衡体验,中青年人的成长体验水平更高,老年人则具有较高的知足充裕体验;受教育程度越高,主观幸福感水平越高;高收入人群与低收入人群相比,有着更高的主观幸福感体验。     

鲁东大学教职工健康状况、生活方式与体育锻炼的调查分析

运用问卷调查法,对鲁东大学教职工的健康状况、生活方式和参加体育锻炼的状况进行了调查与分析。结果表明:教职工的健康状况不佳,生活方式存在不科学性,对体育锻炼的认知态度积极但锻炼行为滞后。据此提出了相应的对策和建议。     

军事科技传播:视像、认知与战争

从空间哲学的角度而言,战争不仅发生在自然空间与技术空间,也发生在社会空间与认知空间。应该将军事科技传播提升到战争较量与国家安全的高度来考量,从而把握精神信息战的攻防对抗律。论文针对中西军事电影发展不对称的现实,认为我国应通过加强军事科幻影视及文学创作,用视像构筑国家心理长城。     

教师社会幸福感现状及提升策略--基于全国33590名中小学教师的调查与分析

教师社会幸福感影响教师总体的职业幸福感。为揭示教师社会幸福感的整体状况及其在领导关系、同事关系、师生关系、家校关系、社会声誉等维度上的具体表现,在全国范围内,对东部、中部、西部、东北等4个地区的33590名中小学教师的社会幸福感现状进行问卷调查。调查结果显示:教师社会幸福感总体水平较高,但在性别、地区、教龄等方面存在差异。要进一步增强教师社会幸福感,应着力改善教师与领导关系和师生关系;满足教师的物质需求和发展需求,切实提升教师社会声誉;考虑个体差异,制定具有针对性的教师社会幸福感提升策略;改进教师职前教育和在职教育,提升教师获得社会幸福感的能力。     

Choosing to Remain Childless? A Comparative Study of Fertility Intentions Among Women and Men in Italy and Britain

Pathways to childlessness may differ not only between individuals but also at the population level. This paper investigates differences in childlessness by comparing two countries—Britain and Italy—where levels of childlessness are high in comparison with many other European countries, but which have distinct fertility trajectories and family regimes. Using data from two large, representative national samples of women and men of reproductive age in a co-residential partnership, it presents a rich analysis of the characteristics associated with intended childlessness, net of the aspects associated with being childless at interview. Although childlessness intentions are generally comparable between men and women of the same age, results show a link between socio-economic disadvantage and childlessness for British men as well as the importance of men’s employment for childbearing decisions in Italy. These findings support the view that pathways into childlessness are gendered and highlight the importance of partnership context in the understanding of fertility intentions. Then, the level of childlessness at interview is comparable across the two countries. However, a higher proportion of respondents in Italy is only provisionally childless, whereas a larger proportion of British respondents intends to remain childless. Framing these differences in fertility intentions within the wider context of family and fertility regimes allows insight into the extent to which observed levels of lifetime childlessness at the population level might result from a specific combination of intended childlessness, postponed decisions leading to involuntary childlessness, or constraints affecting abilities to achieve intentions at the individual level.     

情绪与身体健康的非线性动力关系

情绪可以通过多种途径影响人的身体健康,但情绪与身体健康之间不是简单的线性关系:即积极情绪都有利于身体健康,消极情绪都不利于身体健康。情绪与身体健康之间是一种非线性动力关系:即在一定范围内,情绪(既包括积极情绪也包括消极情绪)有利于身体健康;而超出所限定的范围之外,则不利于身体健康。     

Understanding self-perceived health in the elderly

Measurement is one of the main problems to be dealt with when analysing health conditions. Diseases, disabilities, handicaps and other impairments, constantly affect the individual's state of physical, psychological and social well-being and interact to create the concept of illness. The numerous indicators in the current literature can therefore highlight totally different aspects of a given state of poor health. In this paper we analyze, using Italian data, the variables that influence the self-perceived health status with the aim of understanding the meaning of the indicator among people older than 65 years.     

中国老年人口健康评价指标研究

未来的 30年 ,是中国老龄化高速发展的时期。中国正面临着解决社会老龄化的严峻挑战 ,老年人口健康指标的评价是提供养老保障决策的重要依据。从社会学、医学、人口学和养老保障经济学的综合角度出发 ,采用健康评价理论 ,分析已经被应用和未被应用的老年人口的生理、心理、社会适应性等方面评价内容的合理性 ,为合理表达不同社会背景的老年人口的生活自理能力 (ADL)和社会服务设施利用能力 (IADL)提出了健康状态评价原则。期望能为中国的老年医疗保健和养老保障决策提供有价值的参考信息     

权益的合理保护：转型过程中的政府福利供给之刍议

福利供给是政府的重要社会职能,如何优化福利供给的效率,不但关系到国家的稳定,也关系到人民的福祉。当前,我国政府的福利供给呈现出良好的发展势头,但是在这种良好势头的背后也隐藏了一些忧患。研究发现,对新贫困社群的社会福利供给应当围绕生存、发展、参与三项权益来展开。建议政府加大对发展与参与权益的保护,优化福利供给的效率。