《西班牙1978年宪法》中的民族和地方自治条款

《西班牙１９７８年宪法》中的民族和地方自治条款朱伦节译第１条１西班牙是一个权利社会化和民主的国家，把自由、正义、平等和政治多元主义当作国家法律秩序的最高价值加以捍卫。２国家主权根植于西班牙人民，国家的一切权力来自西班牙人民。３西班牙国家的政治形...     

民族问题中的民族意识和民族主义情绪

举目当今世界,无论是在多民族国家内部,还是在国际政治生活中,民族问题都是一个普遍存在的社会政治问题。世界范围内林林总总、形形色色的民族问题的产生都是基于相关民族的民族意识对于维持和平共处的临界点的突破,有的民族问题本身就是民族主义情绪狂热迸发的结果。世界民族问题困挠着全球化的进程,对人类的共同发展产生着重大的影响。     

关于民族的自治和发展问题

民族的自治和发展,是现阶段民族工作面临的两大主要问题。只有认真地解决好这两个问题,才能使我国各民族达到共同发展、共同繁荣的目的。本文仅就这个问题谈点自己的看法。 一、完善民族区域自治制度 民族区域自治作为我国解决民族问题的基本政策,从1949年9月通过《中国人民政治协     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

关于民族和民族主义的理论

本文强调了以下五点：（１）“民族”（ｎａｔｉｏｎ）是有政治性的,是在资产阶级上升时期形成的。（２）英文ｎａｔｉｏｎ和ｅｔｈｎｉｃｇｒｏｕｐ等可表示“民族”含义的词有不少区别：前者所指范围更大,侧重于全体国民,政治性较强;后者所指范围较小,侧重于一国内部的某一部分国民,文化性较强。（３）与第二点相关的是,中文里的“民族”是有层次的：“中华民族”中的“民族”可视为ｎａｔｉｏｎ;而“汉族”、“苗族”、“回族”等中的“族”则接近于ｅｔｈｎｉｃｇｒｏｕｐ。（４）不仅在单一民族国家中存在民族主义,而且在多民族（实际为多族体）国家中也存在民族主义。（５）正是因为民族有不同层次,所以民族主义也有不同的表现层面,应全面看待。本文坚持认为,民族主义应被看作是以政治性较强的民族为中心的一套思想、理念、纲领和行动     

独具特色的瑞士民族——瑞士民族考察之二:地方自治和直接民主制度

瑞士这个多民族的国家近两个世纪以来,逐步走向繁荣发达.支持这种发展的民族精神是什么?这就是团结互助、统一的思想.您看过"独具特色的瑞士民族"一文,便一目了然.     

关于当今世界民族问题与民族主义的思考

20世纪 90年代以来 ,民族矛盾和民族冲突在世界范围内又出现了新的高潮 ,民族主义问题因而也成为国内外学术界广为关注的课题。本文侧重就 90年代以来民族主义的类型和表现形式、世界民族问题泛起的原因、2 1世纪世界民族问题的走向等问题进行阐述与分析     

关于西班牙语美洲民族形成问题

在北美出现了一个美利坚合众国。然而,在西班牙语美洲却没有出现过统一的合众国。甚至博利瓦尔的大哥伦比亚,以及中美联邦,也不可能维持下去。与北美的东海岸相比,这两处的海上离距要远得多,陆路交通要少得多,困难得多。拓荒者深入内地时所遇到的高山密林,也比较荒凉得多。不     

民族主义和民族包容性——中国的选择

处于弱势或上升阶段的民族需要民族主义作旗帜、作武器 ;在同一个国家里 ,民族主义可能被不同的利益群体所利用 ,因此它可以振兴一个民族 ,也可能葬送一个民族。谋求发展的国家必须以正确的理念和方法使民族主义成为整合国家力量的武器。在新的历史条件下 ,中华民族必须用全新的、富有包容性的精神和内容充实民族主义 ,正确地对待历史和外部世界 ,反对民族虚无和民族自大。由于我国不是单一民族组成的民族国家 ,因此必须强调对中华民族的认同 ,但中华民族不是五十多个民族和无数个生活群体的简单相加 ,也不能用某一种或某几种特殊的精神产物作简单的概括。在现代国际关系中 ,拥有实体性质和法律效力的是国家而不是民族 ,因此 ,在交流、宣传等活动中必须突出国家意识而不是突出民族意识 ,从而尽早完成从“民族国家”到“国家民族”的历史性转移     

对民族、民族-国家、民族主义问题的再认识

探讨民族、民族 -国家和民族主义的问题 ,首先需要对“民族”这一概念进行界定。“民族”的定义有很多 ,我国目前对“民族”的定义可归为三种 :第一种是从种族角度对民族进行界定 ,第二种是通常被称为“国族”的民族定义 ,第三种是我国广泛应用的斯大林的民族定义。仅从种族角度对民族进行界定现在已比较少见 ,因为这样界定不切实际 ,显然 ,同为黄种人的中国人与日本人绝对不会认为自己与对方属于同一个民族。对于“国族”的观点 ,郝时远认为 :“通俗地理解 ,一个民族就是一个民族国家的全体居民或全部享有该国国籍的人的总称。因此 ,将nati…     

第三世界的民族形成和民族主义的科学解释

科恩通过数年的研究,得出以下结论:法国革命时期的民族主义表现为一种对于个人自由和民主的追求。但在先进的资本主义社会,却演变为这样一种概念:它不仅企图限制自由,甚至要求自由服从于它。不发达国家却不同了。那里的民族主义仍然包含着人类进步的成分,正如过去在西方曾经历过的那样。这个看法已被许多社会学家和历史学家所接受。埃默森是一位研究殖民地民族运动的专家,他认为:“一般来说,亚非的民族主义至少象欧美民族主义的初期阶段那样,是一种前进的而不是反动的力量,它激发而不是阻碍改革现     

已制定自治条例的自治地方

已批准自治条例的自治州、自治县自治州:(20个)延边朝鲜族自治州、楚雄彝族自治州、黔南布依族苗族自治州、甘孜藏族自治州、湘西土家族苗族自治州、红河哈尼族彝族自治州、大理白族自治州、凉山彝族自治州、德宏傣族景颇族自治州、黔东南苗族侗族自治州、海南藏族自治州、海北藏族自治州、海     

当前我国村民自治制度存在的问题及对策

党的十七大正式将基层群众自治制度作为中国特色的政治制度提出来,而村民自治制度系基层群众自治制度的重要内容,自20世纪八十年代实施以来取得了显著成效,村民自治是农民自我管理、自我教育、自我服务的一种政治参与形式,村民自治的实行提高了村民的民主意识和主人翁责任感,最大限度地激发了广大农民的政治热情.但村民自治在运作中也存在一些问题,在一定程度上制约了村民自治的发展,作者针对目前村民自治制度存在的问题提出了改进的对策,以促进村民自治的健康发展.     

论民族关系与青海藏族自治地方的社会稳定

民族关系是衡量社会稳定的一个重要变量.本文就当前青海藏族自治地区民族关系中存在的一些不和谐因素及对社会的影响进行探讨,并提出相关对此建议.     

当前民族立法的主要任务——兼谈民族自治地方自治条例的制定问题

建国后,我国十分重视用立法的形式来保障少数民族的平等权利和自治权利,促进民族团结和各民族的共同繁荣。党的十一届三中全会以后,民族立法工作进入了新的历史阶段。当前,民族立法的主要任务是什么呢?大家知道,实现四个现代化,是当前我国各民族的共同愿望,国家的一切立法,主要任务是保证四个现代化的实现,民族立法当然也不例外,也是为了保证四个现代化在民族地区的顺利进行。因此民族立法工作应当考虑:第一,必须坚持民族平等、民族团结的原则,禁止一     

民族与民族主义概念的阐释

<正>一、民族与民族国家霍布斯鲍姆曾说,"若想一窥近两世纪以降的地球历史,则非从‘民族’(nation)以及衍生自民族的种种概念入手不可"。[1](P1)霍氏即谓要理解民族主义,必先理解"民族"。但     

关于民族自治地方财政自治及其法律问题

关于民族自治地方财政自治及其法律问题戴小明财政自治是民族自治地方自治机关的一项极其重要的自治权，它对推进我国民族区域自治建设，正确处理中央与民族自治地方的关系，不断完善有中国特色的自治地方管理体系，转变政府理财观念，具有十分重要的意义，但目前还没有引...     

从民族、民族主义的概念解析民族分离主义

冷战结束后,民族分离主义大规模兴起.民族分离主义成为研究热点,试图从认识民族、民族主义概念的角度来解析什么是民族分离主义.     

民法典时代民族自治地方自治法规对民族习惯的认可研究

虽然民法典正式确立不违背公序良俗的民族习惯在全国范围内具有规范价值,但已被民族自治地方自治法规认可为规范的民族习惯却因民法典对有关法律的废止成为无源之水,且“公序良俗”的判断依赖民族自治地方对“良俗”的认定,自治法规仍有必要对民族习惯明示态度。肯定认可的首要目的在于通过列举区域尊重的民族习惯,正面规定最低的良俗标准,细化民族习惯的补充适用情形,指引可以援用的民族习惯;还在于明确可以替代民法典规定的民族习惯以及属于民法典法定情形应予尊重的民族习惯,以提升民法典的实施效果。不予认可则是为了向社会宣示民族自治地方改革风俗习惯的决定,引导人们遵守法律法规,反面确定公序良俗的判断标准,并排除替代适用和援用适用。这两种“认可”的最终目的均是为了有效发挥自治法规应有的“区域自治”功能和“中华民族伟大复兴”功能。     

从阿拉伯民族主义到巴勒斯坦民族主义——巴勒斯坦民族的成长历程

巴勒斯坦民族经历了从“潜在民族”→“自在民族”→“自觉民族”的过程。在思想领域,巴勒斯坦人经历了从阿拉伯民族主义到巴勒斯坦民族主义的转变。在完成了这一转变后,美国、以色列和国际社会才把解决巴勒斯坦问题的重心从阿拉伯国家转移到巴勒斯坦人身上,才使中东和平进程步入了正确轨道。