Consumption Over the Life Cycle

This paper estimates a structural model of optimal life‐cycle consumption expenditures in the presence of realistic labor income uncertainty. We employ synthetic cohort techniques and Consumer Expenditure Survey data to construct average age‐profiles of consumption and income over the working lives of typical households across different education and occupation groups. The model fits the profiles quite well. In addition to providing reasonable estimates of the discount rate and risk aversion, we find that consumer behavior changes strikingly over the life cycle. Young consumers behave as buffer‐stock agents. Around age 40, the typical household starts accumulating liquid assets for retirement and its behavior mimics more closely that of a certainty equivalent consumer. Our methodology provides a natural decomposition of saving and wealth into its precautionary and life‐cycle components.     

基于元模型的异质交易行为主体下股票市场微观结构仿真研究

股票市场由大量具有不同的理性程度、行为偏好以及操作策略的异质类型交易者所构成的,这些交易者汇聚在一起相互作用,以自组织的方式涌现出诸多复杂的宏观金融市场现象。基于主体建模思想,从交易媒介、交易活动以及交易者行为三个层面进行设定,构建模拟真实市场交易的人工股票市场元模型。其中交易者(Agent)按其行为偏好分为风险厌恶型、损失厌恶型、过度乐观型、保守型、过度乐观的损失厌恶型以及保守的损失厌恶型6类;交易策略则分为基础交易者、趋势交易者、零信息交易者和自适应型交易者4类。不同的行为偏好和交易策略自由组合形成代表性异质交易者,并在交易环境的约束下相互作用推动市场的演化。以我国沪深300指数实际数据为参照,采用AnyLogic系统环境下优化算法对模型参数赋值并进行敏感性分析,发现股票市值和波动率之间不存在直接的联系,且所有交易者的总财富值在无风险利率改变的条件下差别不大,这意味着我国金融市场很大程度上是一个零和游戏过程,有效市场假说在市场运行的宏观层面成立。而在微观层面,不同类型交易者的财富分布均值明显不同,说明交易者的操作策略和行为偏好直接决定了其财富状况。     

Two Backorder Compensation Mechanisms in Inventory Systems with Impatient Customers

We study a compensation mechanism design problem with customer‐choice behavior in a continuous review setting where the production and demand processes are stochastic. When a stockout occurs, the firm controls backorders on the basis of certain compensation policies. Customers make decisions to maximize their utility, which is decreasing in the price, the waiting time, and the customer's impatience factor. We assume that the impatience factor is private information held by the customer only. Two compensation mechanisms are designed to control backorders, namely uniform compensation and priority auction with an admission price. Under uniform compensation, the firm offers the same discount to all customers, whereas under auction compensation, priority is granted according to the customers' bid prices. We obtain the optimal stockout price and base stock level under each mechanism, and analyze the properties of the respective optimal policies. Assuming linear waiting costs with uniformly distributed impatience factor, we find that the auction mechanism (1) maintains a lower base stock level and results in greater profit and (2) benefits customers with relatively lower or higher impatience factors, but customers with a medium impatience factor may be rendered worse off. We further show that both compensation mechanisms are suitable for products with a high unit profit, a high lost sales penalty cost, and a high holding cost.     

A Parsimonious Macroeconomic Model for Asset Pricing

I study asset prices in a two‐agent macroeconomic model with two key features: limited stock market participation and heterogeneity in the elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption (EIS). The model is consistent with some prominent features of asset prices, such as a high equity premium, relatively smooth interest rates, procyclical stock prices, and countercyclical variation in the equity premium, its volatility, and in the Sharpe ratio. In this model, the risk‐free asset market plays a central role by allowing non‐stockholders (with low EIS) to smooth the fluctuations in their labor income. This process concentrates non‐stockholders' labor income risk among a small group of stockholders, who then demand a high premium for bearing the aggregate equity risk. Furthermore, this mechanism is consistent with the very small share of aggregate wealth held by non‐stockholders in the U.S. data, which has proved problematic for previous models with limited participation. I show that this large wealth inequality is also important for the model's ability to generate a countercyclical equity premium. When it comes to business cycle performance, the model's progress has been more limited: consumption is still too volatile compared to the data, whereas investment is still too smooth. These are important areas for potential improvement in this framework.     

股指期货交易加剧了中国股票市场波动性吗？——基于投资者结构的理论和实证研究

股指期货交易的推出将改变股票市场投资者结构和投资者交易行为,进而对股票市场波动性产生影响。本文首先在假设股票市场存在股指期货交易的条件下,构建理论模型揭示投资者结构和股指期货交易对股票市场波动性的影响机理,并据此对中国股票市场在沪深300股指期货推出后的波动性变化进行理论预测;然后以2007-2016年期间的沪深300指数和投资者结构数据为样本,运用GARCH类模型对理论模型预测结果进行实证检验。研究发现,在股票市场存在股指期货交易的条件下,机构投资者比例和一般机构投资者比例对股票市场波动性的影响随机构投资者与个人投资者所占市场份额的比例关系不同而呈现出不同的特征;套利交易者比例增加、投机交易者比例减少都将降低股票市场波动性;沪深300股指期货推出显著降低了中国股票市场波动性,机构投资者比例增加将强化沪深300股指期货交易对中国股票市场波动性的减弱效应;中国证券监管部门可以通过鼓励股指期货产品开发和完善股指期货交易制度强化中国股票市场稳定性。     

考虑策略型消费者和退货的零售商定价和订货决策研究

考虑策略型消费者对产品估值的异质性和无缺陷退货行为，应用理性预期（RE）均衡构建了两期决策模型，引入产品的耐用性参数，得到了允许（不允许）无缺陷退货两种模式下零售商的定价区间和订货策略。研究发现，产品的耐用性越弱，零售商可制定的价格越高；高类型的消费者越多，零售商定价越高；产品折扣率越低，第二阶段购买的消费者越多；零售商允许消费者无缺陷退货时，消费者退货成本越低，零售商定价越高。在两种模式下，产品定价与其耐用性程度呈负相关，当产品具备高度潮流性特征时，不允许退货更占优势；随商品耐用性程度的提升，允许退货带来的优势逐渐明显，而且退货成本越低，允许退货优势越强；随产品耐用性参数增加，允许退货缓解策略型消费者消极影响的作用愈加明显，退货成本越高，缓解越有效。本文合理刻画了策略型消费者的行为，考虑了消费者跨期决策中产品耐用性的影响，同时考虑了现实中广泛存在的消费者无缺陷退货行为与零售商的退货补贴政策，从而为零售商的定价和订货退货决策提供了理论参考。     

Temptation and Taxation

We study optimal taxation when consumers have temptation and self‐control problems. Embedding the class of preferences developed by Gul and Pesendorfer into a standard macroeconomic setting, we first prove, in a two‐period model, that the optimal policy is to subsidize savings when consumers are tempted by “excessive” impatience. The savings subsidy improves welfare because it makes succumbing to temptation less attractive. We then study an economy with a long but finite horizon which nests, as a special case, the Phelps–Pollak–Laibson multiple‐selves model (thereby providing guidance on how to evaluate welfare in this model). We prove that when period utility is logarithmic, the optimal savings subsidies increase over time for any finite horizon. Moreover, as the horizon grows large, the optimal policy prescribes a constant subsidy, in contrast to the well known Chamley–Judd result.     

初始信任对个人互联网理财使用意愿的影响研究--兼论性别、受教育水平等因素的中介效应与调节效应

互联网金融飞速发展,其中以余额宝为代表的货币基金类理财产品最为引人瞩目。以行为理论模型为框架,初始信任为研究出发点,引入性别、受教育水平、使用经验等调节变量构建了三阶段模型,基于301位互联网理财用户的有效调研数据,运用结构方程、线性回归等方法进行实证分析。结果表明:引入初始信任的行为理论整合模型能够更好地解释用户的互联网理财使用行为;初始信任是用户感知易用性和使用意愿间的显著性中介变量,中介效应比例为总效应的54.0%;性别与受教育水平在使用意愿的不同影响关系中起显著性的调节效应;使用经验在初始信任与使用意愿间的调节效应不显著,从动态角度来看,初始信任能够持续稳定地影响使用意愿。研究结论为互联网理财供给方提高产品竞争力、培育忠诚用户和市场规模的扩大提供了理论依据与决策支撑。     

考虑损失规避的期望效用投资组合模型

投资者行为的本质特征会影响投资者对不同风险资产的投资决策。本文从期望效用最大化的角度研究不同风险资产的配置问题,并将人的心理活动引入了投资组合模型之中。论文借鉴了损失规避这个重要的概念,将投资者的效用函数表示为期末财富和财富变化的函数;建立了基于损失规避的最优投资组合模型;并对我国上海股票市场进行了实证分析,得到了在财富变化的不同关心程度下的组合前沿。     

保险需求悖论的解释——来自中国汽车险市场的实证研究

经典的保险需求模型认为绝对风险规避系数递减时保险是一个劣质品,也就是说保险需求会随着财富水平的上升而下降,但这一结论与许多现实的保险行为不符。本文从损失和财富的关系角度出发对经典模型进行了扩展,讨论了在损失随财富变化时的保险需求变化,对保险需求的悖论进行了解释。论文还采用国内汽车险市场的微观数据对拓展模型进行了实证研究,结果显示车险投保人的个人财富与其所选择的保险金额、投保比率以及索赔金额之间存在着显著的正相关关系,检验表明模型的假设和结论具有很好的解释现实的能力。     

消费者对不同排量汽车购买行为的演化研究

汽车行业是我国能源消耗和污染物排放"大户",是节能减排工作的重点。政府出台了针对性的汽车消费政策以鼓励和引导汽车消费者购买行为。本文根据我国汽车消费市场消费者对不同排量汽车购买行为及政府消费政策之间的博弈情况,构建消费者和政府的演化博弈模型,分析混合均匀情形下的消费者群体考虑单一汽车品牌情况下选取不同排量汽车行为的演化问题,研究表明:在油价、消费效用、消费政策及购车成本的共同作用下,消费者购买行为存在向小排量演化、随机演化和向大排量演化三种具体情况。以大众迈腾汽车为案例分析了目前消费者购买行为的演化特征,当汽油价格较低所带来的运营变动成本不足以成为阻碍汽车消费者购买大排量汽车行为因素,或者消费效用之差较高的情况下,政府要加大实施消费政策力度以引导消费者购买小排量汽车;当汽油价格位于较高水平下,政府可以逐步放松实施与汽车排量相关的消费政策。为政府科学合理引导汽车消费者节能购车行为提供理论借鉴。     

重要股东市场行为引导下的利益趋同与壕沟防守效应

重要股东的市场行为不仅会对股价造成直接影响,还因其影响公司成长、与其他投资者的利益相冲突而倍受证券理论与实务界的关注。本文以存在增减持行为的A股上市公司为样本,按主成分分析法构建成长性指标,通过对重要股东增减持股票与公司成长性间的多元回归分析,研究其市场行为在多因素综合影响下对利益趋同与壕沟防守效应的催化作用。实证结论显示:重要股东增持总会强化利益趋同、减持强化壕沟防守;第一大股东持股比例越多,壕沟防守效应越明显,前十大股东持股比例越多,利益趋同效应越明显,体现了股权制衡与股权控制的平衡关系。     

基于动态无标度网络的信息策略与羊群行为演化研究

传统的人工股票市场效率不高,对投资者的异质性假设缺乏经济学含义,更没有考虑市场中广泛存在的羊群行为的影响。本文以国外期权市场异质信息交易者模型为基础,结合互联网金融特点在传统人工股票市场中引入异质信息策略与动态无标度人际关系网络刻画的羊群行为构建出新的人工股市模型,进行投资者的信息策略与羊群行为演化研究,对比分析不同机制的引入所带来的影响,揭示动态关系网络环境下信息策略演化结果。研究发现：一方面,信息策略演化机制的引入加快了市场均衡速率并提高了市场效率,同时也大大降低了投资者财富水平并拉大了财富差距;信息策略与羊群行为的演化并不会导致投资者完全向内幕信息交易者聚集,高、低信息档次投资者明显居多且其他信息档次投资者仍然存在。另一方面,动态关系网络下羊群行为的引入增强了投资者的被传染程度,并进一步缩小了财富差距且显著提高了内幕信息的扩散质量与效率。所以,互联网关系网络环境下高、低信息档次投资者占据相对优势,但其他信息档次投资者并不会被挤出市场;监管部门在努力寻求高市场效率的同时,也应在投资者财富与社会总财富等方面进行适当权衡。     

考虑消费者策略行为的供应链两周期定价与契约设计

针对由一个制造商与一个零售商构成的供应链,考虑消费者的策略性跨期购买行为,构建了两周期动态博弈模型,分析了消费者策略性程度对两周期均衡结果、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响,比较了分散式与集中式决策的均衡偏差,设计了与消费者策略性程度相关的两周期收益共享契约与"两周期收益共享+转移支付"组合式契约。研究表明：分散式决策下,消费者策略性程度有利于增加消费者剩余和社会福利,但会对供应链成员不利;某些情形下,消费者策略性程度会使分散式与集中式决策的系统利润差值增大;当消费者策略性程度相对较低时,两周期收益共享契约不仅可实现供应链完美协调,还可增加消费者剩余和社会福利;当消费者策略性程度较高时,通过组合式契约可实现供应链完美协调,但此时消费者策略性程度的增强可能对消费者剩余和社会福利产生负面影响。     

The Effects of a Baby Boom on Stock Prices and Capital Accumulation in the Presence of Social Security

Is the stock market boom a result of the baby boom? This paper develops an overlapping generations model in which a baby boom is modeled as a high realization of a random birth rate, and the price of capital is determined endogenously by a convex cost of adjustment. A baby boom increases national saving and investment and thus causes an increase in the price of capital. The price of capital is mean–reverting so the initial increase in the price of capital is followed by a decrease. Social Security can potentially affect national saving and investment, though in the long run, it does not affect the price of capital.     

基于制造商网络渠道选择的双渠道供应链定价 与服务决策研究

本文考虑由线下零售商实体销售与制造商网络销售构成的网络直销,以及由线下零售商实体销售与线上零售商网络销售构成的网络分销两种制造商双渠道模式,研究“搭便车”行为下制造商模式选择和供应链最优定价与服务决策。研究发现:制造商的渠道选择策略与“搭便车”行为程度、消费者偏好网络渠道程度、价格敏感系数等有关。尤其当消费者受到的服务且对价格的敏感性相同时,制造商会选择网络直销双渠道模式。进一步分析消费者“搭便车”行为和网络渠道偏好对制造商渠道选择和定价决策影响发现,制造商在消费者偏好网络渠道程度比较低时应选择网络分销双渠道模式,而当消费者网络渠道偏好和“搭便车”行为程度都比较高时,制造商应选择网络直销双渠道模式。消费者网络渠道偏好或“搭便车”行为程度越大,两种模式下批发价格应设置的更低。网络直销渠道模式下“搭便车”行为程度越大,网络渠道销售价格应设置的更低,而消费者网络渠道偏好程度越大,网络渠道销售价格应设置得更高。     

OPTIMAL INVENTORY STOCKING LEVELS WITH DEMAND TRANSFERENCE AMONG PRODUCTS

When a product is temporarily unavailable it is not uncommon to find consumers buying a related product rather than postponing the purchase until the former is back in stock. This phenomenon may be observed in the sale of cigarettes, candy bars, different-sized packages of milk, lawn fertilizer, brands of wine and a host of other consumer items. This paper suggests a model for the vendor to employ when seeking to opti mize his stocking strategy for a periodic review/replenishment system.     

A COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION SCHEDULING POLICIES ON COSTS,SERVICE LEVEL,AND SCHEDULE CHANGES

We consider a single product, single level, stochastic master production scheduling (Mps ) model where decisions are made under rolling planning horizons. Outcomes of interest are cost, service level, and schedule stability. The subject of this research is the Mps control system: the method used in determining the amount of stock planned for production in each time period. Typically, Mps control systems utilize a single buffer stock. Here, two Mps dual-buffer stock systems are developed and tested by simulation. We extend the data envelopment analysis (dea ) methodology to aid in the evaluation of the simulation results, where Dea serves to increase the scope of the experimental design. Results indicate that the dual-buffer control systems outperform existing policies.     

Online buying behavior: a transaction cost economics perspective

Using a transaction cost economics perspective, this paper presents a model for understanding consumers' on-line buying behavior. An empirical study was conducted in Singapore to test the model. The results indicate that consumers' willingness to buy online is negatively associated with their perceived transaction cost, and perceived transaction cost is associated with uncertainty, dependability of online stores and buying frequency. When consumers perceive more dependability of online stores and less uncertainty in online shopping and have more online experiences, they are more likely to buy online. Implications of the results are discussed.     

基于数据驱动平滑检验的密度预测评估方法——以香港恒生指数、上证综指和台湾加权指数为例

本文提出了样本内和样本外密度预测评估的数据驱动平滑检验（data-driven smooth test）方法，并分别采用Newey-Tauchen的方法以及West-McCracken的方法来纠正参数估计对样本内和样本外密度预测评估的影响。运用本文提出的检验方法，我们比较了各种最大熵GARCH模型对中国三个股指数据（香港恒生指数、上证综合指数和台湾加权指数）的样本内和样本外预测绩效。结果显示：（1）最大熵GARCH模型可以用来刻画中国股指数据的典型化事实，GARCH模型中考虑了厚尾和偏态特征的Pearson IV分布对中国股指收益率的样本外预测绩效是很重要的；（2）具有较好样本内拟合优度和样本内预测效果的模型未必有很好的样本外密度预测效果，考虑到样本外预测的重要性，实际应用中我们应采用具有较好样本外预测效果的模型。