生命周期理论及在中国人口老龄化研究中的应用

文章在两阶段生命周期理论的基础上,分析了随着人口年龄结构的变化,人均消费、储蓄和财产的转移和变化,并针对中国未来人口老龄化的趋势,建立了一个以中国人口年龄结构变化为输入的交叠时代(OLG)模型。作者将此模型与生产方程、政府收入及养老金给付体系共同作用,生成满足Walras均衡条件的一般均衡模型,从而从数量上说明中国人口老龄化将引起的社会产出、人均消费和政府收入的变化,并针对这种变化提出养老保险制度的改革方案。     

中国农村人口结构与居民消费研究

本文运用生命周期模型、家庭储蓄需求模型和家庭生育决策理论等分析了人口结构变化对居民消费的影响渠道,并利用2001～2009年中国农村省际面板数据对人口年龄结构、性别结构与居民消费的关系进行了经验分析。研究表明,农村少儿抚养比与农村居民消费率显著负相关,农村老年抚养比与农村居民消费率显著正相关,而农村人口性别比系数的稳健性较差。     

甘肃省人口年龄结构与居民消费:1994—2011

本文以生命周期假说为理论基础,以居民消费率作为居民消费行为评价指标,建立分析人口年龄结构与居民消费率关系的计量模型,对1994—2011年的甘肃省居民消费行为进行了实证研究。结果发现,甘肃省儿童抚养系数和老年抚养系数对居民消费具有负影响,即儿童抚养系数和老年抚养系数的提高均降低居民消费率,因此甘肃省人口年龄结构变化是目前居民消费率过低的原因。     

人口年龄结构对居民消费影响的路径分析北大核心CSSCI

文章在人口年龄结构对居民消费影响的理论机制基础上,提出人口年龄结构对居民消费影响的直接路径和间接路径假设,并以结构方程模型进行了路径分析的实证检验。检验结果表明:人口年龄结构对居民消费存在直接影响和间接影响;直接影响中,人口总抚养比正向影响居民消费,少儿抚养比、老年抚养比负向影响居民消费;间接影响中,总抚养比、少儿抚养比能通过产业结构、经济增长及收入分配影响居民消费,而老年抚养比只通过收入分配影响居民消费;同时研究发现,人口年龄结构对居民消费的间接影响路径系数大于直接影响路径系数。并且本文对基于人口年龄结构的我国低消费率的形成机制进行了分析。     

我国人口年龄结构、储蓄效应与经济增长

本文遵循生命周期理论,在构建三期世代交叠模型的基础上,研究了人口年龄结构、储蓄率与经济增长之间的关系.本文运用1991-2010年我国29个省(市、自治区)的省际面板数据进行了实证分析,结果表明:实证分析结果与理论模型的预测分析相一致,其中少年儿童抚养比与储蓄率成呈负相关关系,老年抚养比的寿命效应超过了负担效应与储蓄率呈正相关关系,人口结构变量对人均GDP的影响大都通过了显著性检验,对被解释变量储蓄率和人均GDP增长进行了较好的解释.     

我国人口与海洋渔业资源系统仿真模型的构建

在对以往研究文献进行评述的基础上 ,本文构建了适合我国国情的人口与海洋渔业资源的仿真系统 ,其中主要包括人口、海洋渔业生产、水产品消费和海洋渔业资源四个子系统 ,这对于定量仿真分析提供了重要的理论框架。文章最后还对构建我国人口与海洋渔业资源系统仿真模型的思路、研究方法等做了初步的讨论。     

城市化的二元分析框架与我国乡村城市化研究

二元经济结构和二元区域结构理论是人口城市化研究中的两个重要基础理论框架。本文在简单介绍这两种理论模型的基础上 ,评述了它们在研究当今发展中国家人口城市化问题上的局限性 ,并结合中国改革开放以来乡村城市化的实践 ,论述了中国乡村城市化研究在突破基于二元分析框架的城市化和区域发展理论局限性上的重要意义     

预期寿命增长、年龄结构改变与我国国民储蓄率

人口年龄结构趋于老龄化和人均预期寿命逐步增长是目前我国人口发展的两个典型特征,而年龄阶段不同,个人的收入、消费与储蓄行为也不同。基于生命周期理论,在选定相关分析指标的基础上,文章使用我国省际平衡面板数据,实证分析了我国人口预期寿命增长和年龄结构改变对国民储蓄率的影响。分析结论表明,人口预期寿命增长提高了我国国民储蓄率;不考虑时间效应时,幼年人口负担比提高会减少国民储蓄率,而老年人口负担比提高会增加国民储蓄率;在考虑时间效应时,幼年人口负担比提高会增加国民储蓄率,而老年人口负担比提高会减少国民储蓄率。对此,文章给出了合理的解释。通过使用多种估计方法,我们发现所得到的结论是基本稳健的。     

西藏人口年龄结构现状与特征分析——基于第六次人口普查数据的分析

人口年龄结构是人口最基本、最重要的结构之一。本文在对第六次人口普查数据汇总分析的基础上．将西藏2010年人口年龄结构状况与2000年第五次人口普查年龄结构进行对比研究．深入分析西藏人口年龄结构的现状和变动特征,并提出对策思考,试图为科学规划和制定西藏中长期人口政策、就业发展战略以及社会公共管理政策等提供科学依据。     

我国人口年龄结构与出口商品结构变动的灰色关联分析

在对人口年龄结构变动及劳动密集型产品出口比重变动进行分析的基础上,运用灰色关联分析实证研究了人口年龄结构与出口商品结构之间的关系,得出以下结论：第一,人口年龄结构与出口商品结构之间具有很高的相关关系,人口年龄结构变化势必影响我国未来出口商品结构。第二,我国未来的劳动年龄人口比重会处于下降的趋势,而老年人口比重将会上升。第三,我国劳动密集型产品的出口比重虽在不断下降,但仍处于较高水平,这势必影响我国在国际分工中的地位。第四,汇率与出口商品结构之间的相关度并不高,这需要引起政府在制定相关外汇政策时的注意。     

Study on Standard of Population Aging

Do an increase in ageing in developed countries and"getting old before getting rich"in developing countries indicate that f luctuations in the population age structure have produced a qualitative change?What is a qualitative change and what is a quantitative change?Here we propose a new concept of Shadow Population,then establish a new standard for evaluating population age structure,finally present a typical five stage population age structure type transition model.The model simulation shows that all world regions are still in the adult stage and that population ageing belongs to the category of quantitative change.However,sustained low fertility will lead to a qualitative change in the ageing population.The current pressure of population aging in the adult stage placed on the pension security system shows that this system is truly not a sustainable system,Gradually raising the retirement age and Long-term stability in replacement fertility is the key to solving the socioeconomic development dilemma presented by future population ageing in low fertility regions or countries,but the latter is more urgent.     

Demographic Change and Fiscal Sustainability in Asia

Changes in the population age structure can have significant effects on fiscal sustainability since they can affect both government revenue and expenditure. In this paper, we project government revenue, expenditure, and fiscal balance in developing Asia up to 2050 using a simple stylized model and the National Transfer Accounts data set. Rapidly aging countries are likely to suffer a tangible deterioration of fiscal sustainability under their current tax and expenditure system. On the other hand, rapid economic growth can improve fiscal health in poorer, relatively young countries with still-growing working-age populations. Overall, our results indicate that Asia’s population aging will adversely affect its fiscal sustainability, pointing to a need for Asian countries to further examine the impact of demographic shifts on their fiscal health.     

Aging society,health and the environment

In a general-equilibrium OLG model with endogenous longevity, a political economy and a social planner solution are contrasted mainly with respect to public supplies of health care and environment protection. The latter is relatively more supported by the young because its beneficial effect on longevity takes more time to occur but then lasts longer; while the old relatively prefer health spending. With population aging, political claims for health care expenditure are self-reinforcing. This framework is able to generate a quite rich set of results. In the political economy larger health care/consumption and health care/environmental quality ratios are implemented. Changes in risk aversion, production pollution, health inputs’ elasticity of substitution may have opposite impacts across regimes. More complete annuity markets improve welfare. Further comparative statics is analyzed.     

Age structure effects and growth in the OECD, 1950–1990

Economic growth depends on human resources and human needs. The demographic age structure shapes both of these factors. We study five-year data from the OECD countries 1950–1990 in the framework of an age structure augmented neoclassical growth model with gradual technical adjustment. The model performs well in both pooled and panel estimations. The growth patterns of GDP per worker (labor productivity) in the OECD countries are to a large extent explained by age structure changes. The 50–64 age group has a positive influence, and the group above 65 contributes negatively, while younger age groups have ambiguous effects. However, the mechanism behind these age effects is not yet resolved. Received: 16 January 1997/Accepted: 2 July 1998     

老龄化对储蓄和社会养老保障的影响研究

本文从一个两期的世代交叠模型入手,分析了人口老龄化对储蓄和社会养老保障支出的影响。在此基础上运用动态GMM模型对我国2000～2008年地区面板数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明:第一,人均居民储蓄滞后项对基期储蓄的影响作用较大且高度显著;当期老年人口抚养比对人均居民储蓄的影响为负,上期老年人口抚养比对居民储蓄并没有显著影响。第二,人均养老保障支出滞后项对当期人均养老保障支出影响作用较大且高度显著;当期老年人口抚养比对人均养老保障支出有促进作用,而上期老年人口抚养比抑制了人均养老保障支出的增加。     

Population Aging and the Rising Cost of Public Pensions

Rapid population aging is raising concerns about the sustainability of public pension systems in high‐income countries. The first part of this study identifies the four factors that determine trends in public pension expenditures: population aging, pension benefit levels, the mean age at retirement, and the labor force participation rate. The second part presents projections to 2050 of the impact of demographic trends on public pension expenditures in the absence of changes in pension benefits, labor force participation, and age at retirement. These projections demonstrate that current trends are unsustainable, because without reforms population aging will produce an unprecedented and harmful accumulation of public debt. A number of projection variants assess the potential impact of policy options aimed at improving the sustainability of public pension systems. Although the conventional responses are considered, particular attention is given to the demographic options of encouraging higher fertility and permitting more immigration. This analysis is illustrated with data from the seven largest OECD countries.     

储蓄投资行为及外部均衡中的人口结构效应——来自亚洲的经验证据

文章运用动态广义矩估计方法,分析亚洲人口年龄结构对储蓄率、投资率及经常账户的效应。结果发现:(1)人口结构对储蓄的效应存在,老年人口抚养比对储蓄率有显著负向影响,符合生命周期假说;(2)少儿抚养比与储蓄率无显著相关,少儿人口抚养质量与数量间存在替代效应;(3)老年人口抚养比效应对于外部均衡非常显著。老年化经济体对于经常账户逆差存在依赖,经常账户可以视为亚洲人口红利期高储蓄的国际"缓存池"和"中转地"。亚洲的经济增长、高储蓄与高顺差呈现梯队性的趋势,且与人口结构的变迁一致。这些发现可以从人口结构角度解释亚洲的高储蓄和高经常账户顺差及国际资本流动。所以,世界经济体应避免同周期的老年化,以保证经济的梯队发展和资源跨代跨国转移;同时,对于减少少儿人口来压缩社会负担的政策效果不能预期过高。     

基本养老保险收支测算中职工人数模型的探讨

职工人数测算在养老保险收支测算中居重要地位,通常使用的时间序列法,受波动性因素影响测算结果误差较大,在保障水平固定时误差直接表现为基期收支与实际不符。为了更准确地模拟职工年龄结构的变化,本文采用OLG方法,建立年龄变化相对稳定的职工人数递推模型。通过基期数据的对比检验,我们发现退休职工增速远大于正常的企业职工退休速度,参保职工人数测算口径偏小是造成这一现象的主要原因。     

Heterogeneity in the Strehler-Mildvan General Theory of Mortality and Aging

This study examines and further develops the classic Strehler-Mildvan (SM) general theory of mortality and aging. Three predictions from the SM theory are tested by examining the age dependence of mortality patterns for 42 countries (including developed and developing countries) over the period 1955–2003. By applying finite mixture regression models, principal component analysis, and random-effects panel regression models, we find that (1) the negative correlation between the initial adulthood mortality rate and the rate of increase in mortality with age derived in the SM theory exists but is not constant; (2) within the SM framework, the implied age of expected zero vitality (expected maximum survival age) also is variable over time; (3) longevity trajectories are not homogeneous among the countries; (4) Central American and Southeast Asian countries have higher expected age of zero vitality than other countries in spite of relatively disadvantageous national ecological systems; (5) within the group of Central American and Southeast Asian countries, a more disadvantageous national ecological system is associated with a higher expected age of zero vitality; and (6) larger agricultural and food productivities, higher labor participation rates, higher percentages of population living in urban areas, and larger GDP per capita and GDP per unit of energy use are important beneficial national ecological system factors that can promote survival. These findings indicate that the SM theory needs to be generalized to incorporate heterogeneity among human populations.