自我行动的逻辑——理解“新传统主义”与中国单位组织的真实的社会建构

中国单位组织中何以未能发生变革或终结其制度的集体行动？解答该问题的关键在于理解中国单位组织的“真实的社会建构”。本文认为,华尔德的“新传统主义”模式,已为研究中国单位生活中真实的行动及其制度再建构奠定了基础。进一步的研究,应当是对该理论的若干假设进行修正,并将其建立在更为坚实的行动理论的基础之上。这种特定的行动理论即本文旨在建立的中国人的自我行动理论。本文的论点是,中国人并非是个人行动者而是自我行动者。自我行动受自我主义和关系理性的驱动和约束。从自我行动到关系行动,再到小集团或派系行动,构成了中国人自我行动的逻辑进程。透过这一逻辑进程及其引致的后果,我们能更深入地理解中国单位组织的真实的社会建构。     

欧洲货币一体化的推动力与大国关系——从国际政治经济学角度的考察

从国际政治经济学的角度考察,欧洲货币一体化最重要的推动力量是由国际、国内政治关系和市场力量共同决定的,是参与各方尤其是大国间的合作共识.德、法两大国形成这一共识的基础是对自身政治、经济综合利益的理性思考.在两国共同主导货币一体化进程中,两国关系模式经历了从法国主导的追随模式到平等合作再到德国主导的追随模式的转化.就欧洲货币一体化进程,尤其是其中的大国关系进行国际政治经济学的分析,对于深入考察区域货币一体化的动因、条件与方式,具有不可忽视的重要意义.     

通向市场的社会实践理论：一种再转向

市场的社会结构理论对新古典市场理论构成了重大挑战，然而，以“嵌入性”假设为基础的结构主义分析方法又在很大程度上限制了该理论的发展。作为反思的市场的新制度主义理论，虽然旨在建立一种以扩展的“嵌入性”概念为基础的制度与结构的相互关系分析，但是，其并未能将此思想运用到对市场建构及其运作的研究中。而作为一种转向的经济制度的社会建构理论，虽然内含了若干弥补社会结构分析的概念，但是，其概念之间存在的方法论上的内在矛盾，又决定这种弥补或修正是有限度的。为此，本文主张，当代市场社会学进一步修正或转向，应当朝着建立一种基于特殊行动理论，即自我行动的逻辑的市场的社会实践理论迈进。     

日本人亲美疏华的原因浅析——从心理文化学的视角

3.11天灾人祸中的日本人亲美疏华,是其无论自觉与否都必然要做出的选择,是其无论主动与否都不得不采取的主要政策形式,这是由今天的日本仍处于深受美国影响的同盟国这一地位决定的,是日本虽有脱美归亚的明确意愿却能力不足所决定的。从日美关系发展的周期性特点来看,日本人亲美疏华,既是日美关系处于非平等时期日本人为了满足其社会需求的无奈之举,亦是其根深蒂固的缘人这一生存方式所致,充分体现了缘人的自我认知的特点和感情配置模式的特点。     

评《人的主观性》

这是对人的主观性问题进行马克思主义分析的第一部专著.作者根据把社会存在解释为人们实践活动,根据社会存在本身中主客观的相互关系和社会现实的主客观性来理解人的主观性问题.作者注意的中心是社会决定和人的积极性的相互关系.他指出,对人的社会行为的客观决定也包括一种特殊的决定,即作为主体人的活动本身发展的决定.人的主体不是社会存在的再次复现,但它是必不可少的,否则就不可能有主体的社会存在本身.这样提出问题是有道理的,其目的是要克服某些著作中有时出现的以消极反映和完成"环境"要求的精神来解释人们行     

社会边缘人:价值主导型群体事件的积极参与者——基于SS事件的分析

以SS事件为例,从价值主导型群体事件中积极参与者的社会特征及其力量的展示过程中可以得出初步结论:当前,中国价值主导型群体事件的积极参与者具有社会边缘人特征.社会边缘人的力量展示过程如下:以社会性纽带为组织后盾;通过有效动员向民众借力;寻求政治机会,使地方政府居于强者弱势地位;引领聚集者挑战地方政府权威.社会边缘人是中国价值主导型群体事件的积极参与者;其参与行动可解释为以工具性为主,情感性为辅;其动员能力强,组织化程度低,但其惊人的力量难以持久.     

戈夫曼自我观的两重性阐释

拟剧论是欧文·戈夫曼社会学的重要构成,自我呈现和印象管理是其主要分析内容。戈夫曼将个体分为两个基本的部分,即表演者和角色。展演性自我是通过互动实现的合作性产物,它是权宜性的,并非稳定的和一成不变的。戈夫曼反对传统的自我观和身份类别,自我、身份与社会秩序都具有偶然性特征。戈夫曼自我观的两重性包含着两层涵义,即生物性与社会性、情境性与能动性,其中情境化自我与作为能动者的自我不是截然分离的。从整体而言,戈夫曼没有摒弃自我的心理—生物学解释,但他更强调自我的社会性和情境性。这种双重自我观可以调和在阐释自我时场景与能动性、结构与行动之间的不一致。     

中国道教与日本神道教"神人关系"比较

道教和神道教分别是中国和日本的民族宗教,与汉民族和大和民族的形成息息相关."神人关系"是一切宗教信仰的核心内容,不同宗教对"神"和"人"的不同定位决定了宗教在教义组成、仪式表现等方面的发展.对于道教和神道教这两种极具本土性、原生性特点的宗教来说,对"神人关系"的不同解释通过宗教的创生故事、日常的社会生活和宗教仪式场景三个方面得以表现.同时,"神"和"人"的不同定位也形成了汉民族和大和民族各自历史文化和民族信仰中最本质的一些特点.     

关于实践的哲学与作为实践的哲学——中国马克思主义实践哲学范式的危机与出路

实践哲学历来是哲学的主要领域之一,其中存在着众多的理论范式.实践哲学必然包含两个面向:一是关于实践的哲学,即对实践的理论解释;二是作为实践的哲学,即实际地对人们的实践发生影响.一种实践哲学范式,当这两个面向相统一时,则处于常规时期;而当这两个面向相分离时,则处于危机时期.中国马克思主义实践哲学走出危机的出路在于,实现"关于实践"的哲学与"作为实践"的哲学的统一,使其既能对实践作出理论解释,同时又能实际地对人们的实践发生影响.     

Guanxilization or categorization： psychological mechanisms contributing to the formation of the Chinese concept of ＂us＂

中国社会心理学在面对急速的社会变迁中,需要以变迁与文化的视角来选择研究问题,而中国社会文化中群己关系的社会心理机制,即“我们”概念的形成机制及其转换的可能与条件,正是一个体现着双重视角的基本问题。对这一问题的探讨不仅有助于解释社会凝聚力、群体行动的逻辑,讨论国家与个人、社会与个人、类别与个人的关系;也有助于培植社会转型时期的社会心理资源和社会支持系统,从而促进社会合作。与以往单～机制的分析框架不同,通过对两个个案的讨论,研究提出了一个新的分析框架,即：中国人“我们’概念是在社会情境的启动和价值取向等因素影响之下,经由相互交织的“关系化”与“类别化”双重过程形成的。     

Can Case Management Contribute to Effective Use of Small Self‐Directed Support Packages for People with Disabilities?

While self‐directed support for people with disabilities and their families represents a welcome shift toward self‐determination and increasing control, the risk of managing with insufficient funds remains. This article examines whether different types of case management can mitigate that risk by providing support when people have only a small direct funding package. It applies the question to an evaluated program of self‐directed support in Queensland, Australia that allocated A$4000 with one of two approaches to case management: program‐focused or organizationally oriented. Case management contributed to the effective use of limited budgets and addressing goals when it promoted choice and control, built relationships, and enabled flexible fund use. Program‐focused case management seemed to be less constrained in enhancing social participation than organizationally oriented case management, which tended to restrict some participatory opportunities. These findings are consistent with earlier research, which indicated that case management can interfere with participation. Even in the context of a small funding allocation, a case management approach that promotes flexibility and person‐centered planning, control over funding, and capacity building can improve the effectiveness of self‐directed support; however it does not overcome the inherent limitations of insufficient funds for adequate support, or the cost of case management itself.     

Are baby‐boomers healthy enough to keep working? Health as a mediator of extended labour force participation

One strategy to reduce the economic impact of structural ageing is to increase and/or extend the workforce participation of older workers. Currently, a large proportion of this group consists of post‐World War II baby‐boomers (1946–1965) whose characteristics, experiences and attitudes differ markedly from their predecessors. Maintaining good health underpins strategies to extend workforce participation among baby‐boomers but there is little hard evidence supporting the assumption that baby‐boomers are generally in good health compared to previous generations and will, therefore, be able to work longer. Using a dataset that includes biomedical and self‐reported health for a representative sample of South Australian baby‐boomers, we analyse the extent to which current labour force participation is mediated by health. We find that health is a significant factor in workforce exits. Respondents with fair‐to‐poor self‐rated health, or with diabetes, arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cardiovascular disease, were more likely to be retired or unable to work, and around 10 per cent of older baby‐boomers (born 1946–1955) who have left the workforce rate their health as poor or fair. The data suggest that these patterns are likely to be replicated in younger baby‐boomers (born 1956–1965).     

The Effect of Family Structure on Female Labor Participation – Empirical Analysis based on the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Using 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study baseline data, this paper examines the effects of family structure on labor force participation. In consideration of the possible endogeneity provoked by family structure, we constructed regression models with instrument variables. Intergenerational co‐residence significantly decreases women's labor force participation by 14%, while it has no effect on men's labor supply. One potential reason for this result is residential circumstance. As it is custom to live with elderly parents in multi‐generation families in China, adult women often share the burden of all housework and are responsible for elderly care; thus, cohabiting with parents seems to have negative effects on female labor participation. On the contrary, Chinese culture dictates that men do not spend as much time as women on housework, thus, the probability of working in the labor market is not influenced by residential circumstance. If women were freed from housework responsibilities, the implication is that their participation in the labor force would increase.     

Participation in social,leisure and informal learning activities among care leavers in England: positive outcomes for educational participation

Against a background of research and national statistics that consistently show that educational participation and achievement of young people in and leaving care is significantly lower than is the case for the non‐care population, previous research has shown the positive impact that social, leisure and informal learning activities can have on the educational participation and achievements of young people, and particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. The UK: Care Matters Green Paper stated that involvement in leisure and social activities can have a positive impact on the self‐esteem of young people in and leaving care and upon their educational attainment and later success in the labour market. This paper reports on the English results of a cross‐national study of young people from a public care background and their pathways to education in Europe. Using case study examples it explores the impact that social, leisure and informal learning activities can have on educational participation and educational pathways of young people in and leaving care. The paper argues that, in view of these findings, encouraging and supporting young people in and leaving care into these types of activities should be a priority for social care professionals, carers and teachers.     

Economic perspectives on social exclusion

In this paper some economic perspectives on social exclusion are presented. The perspectives come from traditional areas of economics, especially human capital theory, and from the new area of behavioural economics, especially present bias and the status externality. They show that happiness, human capital and individual choice can yield insights for the study of social exclusion. The economic perspectives discussed in this paper can help respond to the suggestion by Mary Daly and Hilary Silver to move beyond the concept of social exclusion to a “fully‐articulated theory” of social exclusion. Furthermore they support the judgement of Ruth Levitas that in the public debate there is inadequate pressure for redistribution, excessive moral blame placed on the socially excluded, and an excessive concern for labour force participation at the expense of non‐market activity, as expressed in her development and discussion of the RED‐MUD‐SID framework of discourses.     

The Impact of Social Capital on Labor Force Participation: Evidence from the 2000 Social Capital Benchmark Survey

Objectives . Few studies apply the concept of social capital to labor force participation. In this research, I study the relationship between friendship networks and labor force participation as represented by employment and hours worked. Methods . I test five hypotheses representing social capital with network structure, network quality, and network diversity using nationally representative data from the 2000 Social Capital Benchmark Survey. Since this survey enables comparisons across racial/ethnic and gender groups, I am also able to specify how social capital interacts with race/ethnicity and gender to influence labor force participation, while controlling for other prominent theoretical concerns such as human capital theory. Results . I find that friendship networks are generally positively related with increased labor force participation. Further, I find significant social capital differences based on race/ethnicity and gender. Conclusions . I illustrate that social capital can be applied across a broader racial/ethnic/gender spectrum. The findings suggest that programs that attempt to bring valuable labor market information to individuals and communities lacking employment–related information are likely to be effective in reducing inequality, especially if combined with programs for developing human capital.     

日本企业在中国衰败对中国企业“走出去”的启示

加入WTO后,中国企业"走出去"参与国际竞争已成为一种必然选择。如何在全球范围配置资源,在国际竞争中占据有利地位,已成为中国企业的战略选择。以日企在我国的发展起伏历程为例,分析日企在中国衰败的深层次原因,在此基础上得出对中国企业"走出去"的启示:注重长远效益和综合效益,实行全局战略;入乡随俗,重视本土化;着力塑造及维护品牌形象;重视文化融合;增强社会责任意识,积极回报当地社会;建立健全现代企业制度和跨国经营管理体系。     

“自主选择”还是“身不由己”——对南京企业员工职业流动的事件史分析

本文以666份对南京企业员工调查的数据为基础,运用事件史分析方法,分析了社会转型过程中企业员工的职业流动问题,揭示了影响其职业流动的影响因素,以及他们在以单位所有制性质为区分的劳动力市场格局中的流动趋向。研究结果表明,社会转型所带来的机会结构的转变是企业员工职业流动的主要推动力量,而伴随着社会转型而改变的劳动力市场分割,则为他们的职业流动制定了游戏规则,个体的家庭背景和个人因素仅仅是这些游戏规则之下的筹码。因此,中国社会转型过程中,企业员工的职业流动是由社会结构决定的、非常有限的“自主选择”,换言之,这是一种身不由己的“自由选择”。     

宗教信仰选择：一个西方宗教经济学的文献梳理

本文在回顾归纳国外宗教经济学相关理论和经验成果的基础上,建立了“供给-需求”分析框架。笔者认为,既有宗教经济学理论主要从供给和需求两个角度来解释信仰选择的作用机制。宗教市场理论从供给出发,认为宗教市场结构是宗教信仰的重要决定因素;宗教社会资本理论、宗教家庭生产模型、宗教人力资本模型和宗教事后保障模型则从需求角度出发,分别强调社会网络的人际依恋、宗教参与的机会成本、宗教产品的生产效率和宗教组织的公共物品供给因素等在宗教信仰选择方面发挥的影响。改革开放以来中国社会宗教信仰领域发生了极大的变化,引入宗教经济学视野一方面能为考察分析当今中国宗教信仰现状及推动其理论发展带来相应的契机,另一方面应考虑中国与西方社会之间的差异以及特殊性,对该视野的运用要有所甄别。     

是“关系”，还是社会资本

社会资本概念引入华人学界以来,其影响力使许多学者把它作为研究和解释中国人关系的路径,但在这种将“社会资本”与“关系”概念合并的趋势中有许多问题被遮蔽了。本文通过对社会资本与关系的各自抽象度、对应性和社会形态等的辨析,指出关系的研究基础是家庭本位的社会,而社会资本的研究基础是公民社会,它们在个体选择性、成员资格、公私利益、参与性和做人等方面都有差异。本文还探讨了关系及社会资本各自可能延伸出的研究方向。