The Educational Consequences of Teen Childbearing

A huge literature shows that teen mothers face a variety of detriments across the life course, including truncated educational attainment. To what extent is this association causal? The estimated effects of teen motherhood on schooling vary widely, ranging from no discernible difference to 2.6 fewer years among teen mothers. The magnitude of educational consequences is therefore uncertain, despite voluminous policy and prevention efforts that rest on the assumption of a negative and presumably causal effect. This study adjudicates between two potential sources of inconsistency in the literature—methodological differences or cohort differences—by using a single, high-quality data source: namely, The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We replicate analyses across four different statistical strategies: ordinary least squares regression; propensity score matching; and parametric and semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation. Results demonstrate educational consequences of teen childbearing, with estimated effects between 0.7 and 1.9 fewer years of schooling among teen mothers. We select our preferred estimate (0.7), derived from semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation, on the basis of weighing the strengths and limitations of each approach. Based on the range of estimated effects observed in our study, we speculate that variable statistical methods are the likely source of inconsistency in the past. We conclude by discussing implications for future research and policy, and recommend that future studies employ a similar multimethod approach to evaluate findings.     

Early Childbearing Patterns and Women's Labor Force Behavior in Later Life

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the consequences of early childbearing decisions for women's labor force activity in later life. Within a life course framework, women's early child-bearing activities may be linked to later life decisions. Women between ages 55 and 64 are evaluated from the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation. Two measures of early family roles are considered: total fertility (number of children ever born) and timing of first-birth (childless, prior to age 30, and 30+). Results provide some limited support that early childbearing roles do in fact have a long-term impact on the employment decisions of women. Women who delay childbearing are somewhat more likely to remain in the labor force during their later years whereas women who remain childless are more likely to have exited the labor force.     

Educational Differences in Desired Family Size and Attitudes Toward Childbearing in Latina Women

Attitudes toward childbearing and desired family size influence women's reproductive choices. This may be especially true in the Latina culture, where motherhood and large families are valued highly. To determine whether these attitudes differ by educational status, Latina women in an OB/GYN clinic (N=351) completed a survey assessing attitudes toward childbearing and desired family size. Attitudes of women with and without a high school education were compared. Respondents without a high school education desired a mean of 3.1 children, while those with a high school education desired a mean of 2.7. Women without a high school education endorsed more attitudes favoring large families. Among women without a high school education, those who wished to have a son to carry on the family name tended to desire larger families. Results suggest that the desire for large families among Latina women with low education may result from traditional cultural attitudes.     

Rising Female Labor Force Participation and Gender Wage Gap: Evidence From Turkey

Social Indicators Research - This paper investigates the relation between female activity in the labor market and gender wage gaps using regional data from Turkey. Labor force participation of...     

民主生育论

本文将计划生育村民自治定义为“民主生育”,凸现了计划生育村民自治的民主性。民主生育是指由民作主、群众自治的生育活动,属于政策性自主生育活动。通过“三自四民”,民主生育正在重构基层的社会关系,正在开创人本主义计划生育的新格局。但在实践过程中,民主生育还面临着真民主还是假民主的严峻挑战。捍卫群众的话语权是村民自治的核心任务之一,也是基层民主建设在计划生育公务上的具体体现。     

Childbearing Biographies as a Method to Examine Diversity and Clustering of Childbearing Experiences: A Research Brief

Population Research and Policy Review - Due to increasing heterogeneity in if, when, and under what conditions women have children, the timing, spacing, and other demographic aspects of...     

育龄妇女生育经历与其意愿生育孩子数的关系分析

文章从妇女自身意愿,也就是妇女对子女需求的角度实证分析了年龄、受教育年限、初婚年龄、户口、工作、居住地和所属地区、生育经历等对妇女意愿生育孩子数的影响,特别是考察了妇女自身的生育经历对妇女生育意愿的影响,并将年龄与生育经历的交互作用考虑进去。生育经历作为一个与年龄密切相关的变量,与年龄的交互作用共同影响了妇女的生育意愿选择。     

建立“2＋42”层级动态管理机制遏制出生人口性别比升高势头

2000年第五次全国人口普查数据显示,广东出生人口性别比高达130,居全国第2位。近年来,广东省从抓工作机制人手,建立健全“2＋42”综合治理出生人口性别比项目层级动态管理机制,初步遏制了出生人口性别比升高势头。2005年全国1％人口抽样调查结果显示,广东出生人口性别比为119。主要做法是：     

土葬习俗与生育观念

在我国 ,死亡人口的安葬方式主要有土葬、火葬、树葬、海葬等。出于保护环境、节约土地与木材资源以及移风易俗的考虑 ,我国政府早已公开推行人口死亡火葬政策。但在某些农村地区 ,仍旧承袭着传统的土葬习俗。据笔者在四川、重庆两地农村的考察 ,尽管地方政府规定土葬者家属必须缴纳高达 2 5 0 0～ 60 0 0元的所谓“土葬费” ,但人们并未因此而选择火葬方式。四川省资阳市伍隍区某村 ,近 3 0年来死亡人口中仅有 5例火葬 ,重庆市壁山县马坊镇某村死亡人口中则只有 2例火葬 ,且火葬者都是孤寡老人。透过形形色色、根深蒂固的土葬习俗 ,我们不…     

Childbearing and family in remarriage

Proportional hazards models are used to test hypotheses about the effect of women’s prior childbearing on the probability of having a birth in remarriage and to analyze the effects of other factors. Results indicate that the number of children at the time of remarriage has no effect on childbearing probabilities, but the age of the youngest child has a significant effect. These findings support the view that having a child is important to confirm the marriage, but that individual and family life course factors also affect the decision to have a child in a remarriage.     

Happiness and Childbearing Across Europe

Using happiness as a well-being measure and comparative data from the European social survey we focus in this paper on the link between happiness and childbearing across European countries. The analysis motivates from the recent lows in fertility in many European countries and that economic wellbeing measures are problematic when considering childbearing. We find significant country differences, though the direct association between happiness and childbearing is modest. However, partnership status plays an important role for both men and women. Working fathers are always happier, whereas working mothers are not, though mothers?? happiness tends to increase with household income.     

晚育与健康长寿

1　引言近年来 ,国际社会科学与医学界一个热门领域是研究人们生命早期发生的事件 (例如胎儿与孩童营养状况 ,5 0岁以前的重要生命历程事件等 )对晚年寿命长短的影响。例如 ,Doblhammer( 2 0 0 0 ) ,Perls ,Alpert和Frett( 1 997)以及Smith ,Minean与Bean( 2 0 0 3)分析研究了晚育与长寿的关系。这几项研究以及其他前人关于人们早期生命事件与晚年寿命长短相关关系的研究绝大多数因高龄年龄段样本量太小而侧重于 80岁以下老人。极少数几个例外是Preston ,Hill与Drevenstedt( 1 998)关于出生于上世纪初的美国黑人队列 ,Snowdon( 2 0 0 1…     

首都教育资源配置与人口发展态势的互动

基于2001－2015年的《北京市教育事业统计资料》,利用常规统计分析方法,发现北京市教育资源配置和人口发展态势表现为以下关联特点：中等教育阶段在校生规模相对较少;义务教育阶段非京籍学生占比骤增;学校数量“高校和高中增加、其他皆降”;小学和大学阶段的师生比下降,资源配置略显紧张;基础教育阶段的就学人口主要聚集于城市功能拓展区,其占比仍在提升;高等教育的核心培养对象所占比例已降至不足四成。为了促进教育和人口的良性互动,政府部门未来应关注六个问题：人口发展惯性引发的教育需求增长拐点问题、流动人口子女不同流向引发的人力资本提升受阻问题、人口空间布局优化引发的教育资源有效配置问题、人口疏解视野下高等教育的“瘦身”问题以及职业人才匮乏引发的创新支撑不足问题。     

夫妻教育匹配对男性平等分担家务的影响

利用2000年和2010年中国妇女社会地位调查数据,考察了21世纪最初十年间中国婚姻家庭的家务分工特征及其变化,着重检验了夫妻教育匹配对家务分工平等化的影响.研究发现,夫妻平等分担家务的现象近年来呈缓慢的上升趋势,2010年全国接近两成的已婚夫妇相对平等地分担家务.夫高妻低的教育匹配模式不利于推动家务分工平等化以及改变"女主内"的分工模式;与之相对,夫妻教育相同和夫低妻高的教育匹配模式在不同程度上推动着男性平等分担家务.文章认为,夫妻平等分担家务代表了现代社会经济和性别平等文化背景下家务分工演变的方向.实现这一转变,女性自身教育水平的相对提高以及教育匹配现象的演化扮演着极为重要的角色;而营造良好的社会舆论环境与完善社会服务体系,则是家务分工平等化的重要社会保障.     

Armed Conflict and the Timing of Childbearing in Azerbaijan

Research on fertility changes in former Soviet states of the South Caucasus is scant and has overlooked the role of armed conflicts. This study contributes to filling these gaps by providing the first detailed account of fertility changes in Azerbaijan since independence and by exploring them in relation to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with Armenia. Estimates from retrospective birth history data from the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey show that since 1991 period fertility declined to almost below-replacement levels, essentially as a result of stopping behavior, and, only recently, slight birth postponement. While the conflict seems to have little influence on aggregate trends, discrete-time logit models accounting for unobserved heterogeneity reveal a 42–45 percent higher risk of transitioning to the second birth for women who have been exposed to conflict violence—whether in the form of forced migration or because of residence in the conflict-torn Karabakh region—than for nonexposed women. Never-migrant women from Karabakh have also significantly higher probability of having a first child. Further positive effects on fertility are observed for women who lost a child during peak conflict years. Risk-insurance and replacement effects are possible mechanisms explaining such fertility responses.     

加强宣传教育,转变生育观念,促进中国人口转变

在人口转变过程中,国家政策起着十分重要的作用,这是我国区别于其他国家的一大特色,也是国内外普遍认可的.然而,在研究我国人口转变时,决不能忽视文化因素的作用.这是因为,如果没有生育文化的较大变化,妇女生育率的下降就不可能这样快,人口再生产类型也根本不可能在如此短的时间内完成向三低型的转变.     

单系偏重与生育文化边界

生育文化边界是客观存在的。本文联系婚姻家庭领域的单系偏重习俗 ,对生育文化边界的成因进行了探讨。认为婚姻家庭领域的姓氏嗣续、社会继替、亲属体系以及居住模式方面的单系偏重是促成生育文化边界形成的一个极其重要的原因。突破生育文化边界 ,实现生育文化的现代化 ,需要变革婚姻家庭领域的单系偏重习俗。这种变革将因单系偏重习俗的凝固性及合理性的存在 ,而变得异常艰难     

State-level Welfare Policies and Nonmarital Subsequent Childbearing

Using discrete time event history analyses of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we examine the association between state-level welfare waiver policies implemented before the 1996 welfare reform legislation and the risk of a nonmarital subsequent birth. Our study makes a unique contribution to the existing literature by using a national-level sample of unmarried mothers who ever received welfare. This high-risk sample represents the women of most interest to policymakers, as it is the exact group to whom welfare reform is targeted—welfare mothers at risk of having nonmarital additional births. The state policies we study include: family cap, earnings disregard, work exemptions, work requirements, and sanctions. We conclude that, although reducing the number of nonmarital births is a key goal of welfare reform, state-established welfare waiver policies do not have any influence on women’s childbearing behaviors in this sample, net of women’s individual characteristics and state economic environments. Even the family cap policy, which was designed for the sole purpose of reducing additional births, has no significant association with nonmarital subsequent childbearing. Instead, personal characteristics, not public policies, are stronger determinants of women’s childbearing decisions. Age, race/ethnicity, marital status, number of previous children, education level, and welfare receipt are significantly associated with nonmarital subsequent births. Overall, this paper contributes to an expanding body of research that shows minimal effects of welfare waivers on fertility. Our work suggests that more targeted policies are necessary to be able to influence individual family formation behaviors.     

梅湾村生育文化透视

江西省宜黄县东陂镇梅湾村是一个人口只有 5 71人的山区小村 ,就是在这样一个小村落 ,“男嫁女娶”却日益盛行。全村 1 1 3户有“上门女婿”的就有 49户 ,占全村总户数的 44%。现任和前任村支部书记都是由“上门女婿”担任 ,全村 5个村小组 ,就有 3个“上门女婿”担任组长。在这种新的婚育观念的冲击下 ,千百年来形成的“传宗接代”、“重男轻女”、“女儿不能养老”的传统旧观念逐步被破除 ,代之而起的是“女儿也是传后人” ,“生男生女都一样”的新观念 ,由此而形成了一套新的婚育信仰体系 ,从而推动了计划生育工作的开展 ,该村连续 3年没…