韩国应对新冠疫情冲击的社会经济政策及其绩效分析

新冠病毒疫情对韩国社会经济产生了严重的影响,韩国政府采取了多方面的社会经济政策防控疫情,取得了较好的成效,也存在着教训。政府在疫情发生时快速响应,启动公共卫生防疫体系,是使疫情得到有效控制的重要因素。但是在宗教活动中多次发生集体感染,是值得总结的教训。为了应对新冠疫情对社会经济的冲击,韩国政府采取一系列措施较好地控制了疫情在全国范围内的大规模扩散和蔓延;同时,积极采取扩大财政预算、促进对外贸易、扶持受疫情严重影响的产业以及宽松的货币政策等一系列宏观经济政策以及稳定就业、发放灾害补助、支援企业发展等微观经济措施,恢复经济发展。     

日本红十字会参与疫情危机应对的机制及启示

新冠肺炎疫情发生后,中国社会各界积极踊跃捐赠款物,体现了中华民族“一方有难、八方支援”的大爱精神。在此次新冠肺炎疫情防控中,地方政府依循惯例,迅速指定省、市红十字会和慈善总会作为接受社会捐助的专责机构,发挥了重要作用。然而,疫情重灾区湖北、武汉的红十字会却暴露出救援物资分配不均、捐赠收取管理费等问题。本文从国际比较视野出发,选取日本红十字会为研究对象,采取政策文本分析等研究方法,考察日本红十字会的疫情防控参与机制与捐赠款物分配机制,并提出对中国的若干启示。     

新冠肺炎疫情对台湾经济的影响

新冠肺炎疫情暴发,难免对大陆经济造成短期负面影响,而随着疫情蔓延,全球经济受到冲击,台湾经济的外向型浅碟特征使其注定难以独善其身。新冠肺炎疫情对台湾总体经济影响不容乐观。2003年非典疫情爆发,台湾仅社会消费与直接财务损失合计约12亿美元(台“统计处”估计),全年经济增长较预期减少0.91%,疫情最严重的第二季度民间消费衰退1.8%,民间投资衰退10.2%。     

全球产业链、供应链重构背景下日本供应链安全保障的新动向

新冠肺炎疫情在全球的大暴发加快了全球产业链、供应链重构的进程。对严重依赖海外资源和市场的日本而言,供应链安全的重要性不言而喻。受贸易环境不确定性以及新冠肺炎疫情蔓延的影响,日本政府加大了对供应链安全保障的重视程度,并强化了相关政策和资金投入。鉴于日本在亚洲生产网络中的地位以及此次供应链安全保障政策调整中的价值观取向,日本在供应链安全保障领域的新动向和新调整将给亚洲区域生产网络以及中日两国间的产业链、供应链合作带来深远影响,值得关注和研究。     

日本经济研究报告（二）：国际经济环境波动下的日本对外经济

2020年新冠疫情全球蔓延,引发了全球性深度经济衰退,之后出现了快速的反转,形成了V型经济复苏。日本作为高度融入世界经济的国家,其对外经济不仅受到国内经济的影响,也在相当程度上受到国际经济环境变化的影响。总体看,日本在对外贸易、对外投资等方面的变化,既与国际经济的总体变化比较相似,又与新冠冲击和俄乌冲突的经济冲击的特点是相对应的,具有自身的特点。比如对外贸易的V型变化,俄乌冲突引发的能源、资源价格上涨及供给约束型通货膨胀。这些变化还深入到贸易结构和供应链调整等方面,这表现了日本对外经济的特点。日本政府在较长时期积极调整对外经济战略与政策,如大力开展双边多边自由贸易合作、打造坚韧和安全的供应链、深化特定重点领域的国际经济合作等。这些在一定程度上弱化了外部冲击的影响。     

日本应对“新冠萧条”的财政政策及其面临的困境

新冠疫情的暴发蔓延使世界经济遭受严重冲击,其中日本经济增速大幅下滑,失业率上升,消费显著下降。为应对疫情冲击,日本政府迅速实施了规模空前的财政刺激计划。在低利率时代,财政政策成为主导经济政策具有合理性,但在财政支出刚性、财政收入增长缓慢的条件约束下,赤字高企、债台高筑严重制约了日本政府持续实施财政扩张行为。从中长期看,日本有必要进行财政整顿,实施财政规则及体制改革,进一步明确社会保障改革等增收减支的改革路径。中国应以此为借鉴,保持适度财政政策空间,避免债务增长过快,及早应对老龄化。     

支援“前线”,“火力”全开

正口罩、测温仪、防护服、各类防护用品、救护车……支援"前线",全力保障抗击新冠肺炎疫情的物资需要,岛城各家生产企业,克服重重困难,开足马力扩能增产,向防疫一线输送了不计其数的防疫物资,保障了防疫工作的顺利开展。     

“新冠疫情冲击与新时代中日关系构建”学术研讨会举行

正当前,新冠肺炎疫情已成为影响国家间关系乃至国际格局及秩序变动的重大因素。2020年4月11日,中国社会科学院日本研究所、辽宁大学日本研究所等国内专事日本研究的七家单位共同参与的"新冠疫情冲击与新时代中日关系构建"学术研讨会以网络视频会议的形式举行。     

构建国内国际双循环新发展格局：现实逻辑、制度优势与时代价值

新冠肺炎疫情叠加全球经济低迷,使国际政治经济形势不确定性不稳定性增加。面对贸易保护主义的兴起、新冠肺炎疫情的冲击和国内主要矛盾转变的现实要求,依靠中国特色社会主义制度的显著优势和40多年改革开放奠定的坚实基础,构建以国内大循环为主体,国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局,既破解了中国经济发展的现实困境,是实现持续健康发展的主动战略选择,也为世界经济的稳定和增长提供了思路和方向,贡献了新的中国智慧和中国方案。     

青岛市社会组织助力疫情防控

3月以来,山东省青岛市西海岸新区、莱西市等地陆续出现新冠肺炎疫情,确诊病例不断增加,防控形势严峻,防疫物资紧缺,青岛市社会组织立即行动起来,在慈善捐款、组织协调等方面发挥带头作用,为夺取疫情防控胜利贡献社会组织的一份力量.截至目前,全市已有46家社会组织捐赠款物100多批次,合计价值1539.79万元.     

The optimality of age-based lockdown policies

This paper studies an age-based lockdown that keeps over-60 workers at home as policy response to COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of thirty countries of the European single market. Three main policy issues are addressed, and the results can be summarized as follows. First, age-based lockdown policies are associated with limited output losses and, therefore, are an efficient strategy to limit the spread of the virus in a pandemic, especially in presence of strong age-dependent fatality rates. Second, lockdown policies generate substantial spillover effects; hence, international policy coordination avoiding that too many countries are in lockdown contemporaneously or that such coordination takes place across the countries with the highest integration of over-60 workers along GVCs may be helpful in reducing disruptions. Third, non-targeted lockdowns are much more costly than age-based ones; therefore, other things equal, age-based policies should always be preferred to non-targeted ones. Our analysis also suggests that, in our sample, the over-60 workers are relatively more numerous in sectors where the value added and the integration in GVCs is lower; this feature should be kept in mind in the design of other policies as it might play an important role.     

How child inclusive were Australia's responses to COVID-19?

From March 2020, Australia introduced a range of policies to respond to COVID-19, most of which impacted significantly on the lives of children. This article applies a child-centred framework, developed from rights-based participatory research with children, to analyse how children have been represented in policy narratives around COVID-19 and the extent to which policy responses have been child-inclusive or child-centred. We argue that, overall, COVID-19 policy responses have failed to be child-inclusive or child-centred. This has important implications not only for understanding the impact of COVID-19 on children but also in understanding—and potentially rethinking—the place of children in policies as Australia emerges from COVID-19 restrictions.     

The role of social transfers in mitigating families with children from the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

In this study, we investigated the household income of families with children. Our specific interest was the earned income losses during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how social transfers have mitigated those losses. We assessed the monthly income levels by comparing the information on the year prior to pandemic to income levels during COVID-19 pandemic. We found that the pandemic affected all studied subgroups of families with children, with the most negative economic influence in May 2020. In addition, our results indicate that in Finland the social transfers protected fairly well against the negative economic impacts of the pandemic among families with children, especially among vulnerable families (those with lowest income level prior COVID-19, with low parental education, single-parent families and families with non-Finnish-born parents). The information gained from this analysis can be useful in economic recovery during and after COVID-19 pandemic, and when preparing for future challenges.     

COVID-19 and care homes in England: What happened and why?

In the context of very high mortality and infection rates, this article examines the policy response to COVID-19 in care homes for older people in the UK, with particular focus on England in the first 10 weeks of the pandemic. The timing and content of the policy response as well as different possible explanations for what happened are considered. Undertaking a forensic analysis of policy in regard to the overall plan, monitoring and protection as well as funding and resources, the first part lays bare the slow, late and inadequate response to the risk and reality of COVID-19 in care homes as against that in the National Health Service (NHS). A two-pronged, multidimensional explanation is offered: structural, sectoral specificities; political and socio-cultural factors. Amongst the relevant structural factors are the institutionalised separation from the health system, the complex system of provision and policy for adult social care, widespread market dependence. There is also the fact that logistical difficulties were exacerbated by years of austerity and resource cutting and a weak regulatory tradition of the care home sector. The effects of a series of political and cultural factors are also highlighted. As well as little mobilisation of the sector and low public commitment to and knowledge of social care, there is a pattern of Conservative government trying to divest the state of responsibilities in social care. This would support an interpretation in terms of policy avoidance as well as a possible political calculation by government that its policies towards the care sector and care homes would be less important and politically damaging than those for the NHS.     

Containment measures during the COVID pandemic: The role of non-pharmaceutical health policies

Many countries have imposed a set of non-pharmaceutical health policy interventions in an effort to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this paper is to examine the effects of the interventions, drawing on evidence from the OECD countries. A special feature here is the mechanism that underlies the impact of the containment policies. To this end, a causal mediation analysis decomposing the total effect into a direct and an indirect effect is conducted. The key finding is a dual cause-effect channel. On the one hand, there is a direct effect of the non-pharmaceutical interventions on the various health variables. Beyond this, a quantitatively dominant indirect impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions operating via voluntary changes in social distancing is shown.     

Social Policies for the Elderly in the Republic of Korea and Japan: A Comparative Perspective*

The Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Japan are highly industrialized and modern nations which are both influenced by the Confucian tradition of respect for the elderly and family responsibility for the care of aging parents. In both countries the proportion of the elderly population is increasing. Japan, since the end of World War II, has utilized its government bureaucracy to help develop the social welfare system and to formulate social policies and programs for the elderly. Japan's tradition of samurai Confucianism is congruent with the commitment of the Japanese government to such social development as a matter of national policy. The Republic of Korea has not assigned a comprehensive planning role to its government bureaucracy. Lacking the mix of industrial/post-industrial infrastructure of Japan and not yet faced with the immediacy of a very large elderly population, the Republic of Korea's government has developed its social policies for the elderly in a more incremental manner, usually emphasizing small scale and piecemeal initiatives. With respect to social support, it has emphasized voluntary family efforts as congruent with the Korean (and Chinese) variant of Confucianism. This paper will compare and contrast these different approaches.     

Drawing on Kinship Care Support for Older People during a Pandemic (COVID-19): Practice Considerations for Social Workers in Ghana

ABSTRACT

Undoubtedly, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has brought both systemic, practice changes and limitations to social workers’ commitment to the welfare of vulnerable populations such as older people. A golden preventive rule of the COVID-19 pandemic; maintaining physical and social distancing, has limited social workers’ direct practice support for older people who are considered as an at-risk population. Within jurisdictions such as Ghana where kinship care practices are culturally engrained, social workers should promote kinship care support as substitute mechanisms and pathways to safeguard or meet the welfare needs of older people.     

地缘战略与大国关系:中日关系基本走势的再分析CSSCI

自新冠肺炎疫情发生以来,中日两国主要通过高层沟通、捐赠物资等手段来合作抗疫。“山川异域、风月同天”的话语给双边关系注入了温情。菅义伟上台后,中日两国关系发生逆转,现任岸田文雄首相更是提出了要把“对付中国”作为首要目标。2020年的“疫情外交”对改善和升温中日关系的短暂效应,已经清楚地说明了在美国实施对华战略竞争政策后,日本以制衡中国为国家安全利益定位的“国家利益论”和“国际贡献论”都变得越发清晰。日本已经成为在中美战略竞争中完全“选边美国”的少数亚太国家。自中日邦交正常化以来两国的睦邻友好关系正在被日本政界似乎铁了心的“制衡中国论”所取代。已经完全超出“周边事态”、一心想要助力美国对华战略遏制的日本,给中国周边外交增加了新的变数。     

“Wearing a Mask Won't Protect Us from Our History”: The Impact of COVID-19 on Black Children and Families

The data on COVID-19 show an irrefutable and disturbing pattern: Black Americans are contracting and dying from COVID-19 at rates that far exceed other racial and ethnic groups. Due to historical and current iterations of racism, Black Americans have been forced into conditions that elevate their risk for COVID-19 and consequently place Black children at the epicenter of loss across multiple domains of life. The current paper highlights the impact of the pandemic on Black children at the individual, family, and school levels. Based on an understanding of the influence of structural racism on COVID-19 disparities, policy recommendations are provided that focus on equitable access to quality education, home ownership, and employment to fully address the needs of Black children and families during and after the pandemic. Research, practice, and policy recommendations are made to journal editors, funding agencies, grant review panels, and researchers regarding how research on COVID-19 should be framed to inform intervention efforts aimed at improving the situation of Black children and families.