建构家庭——婚姻暴力干预的理论体系与工作模式

近年来,随着立法司法的深入推动,家庭—婚姻暴力干预取得了引人瞩目的成果。但是,政府及非政府组织对家庭一婚姻暴力当事人的干预与服务仍然是弱项,存在诸多的挑战与困惑。总结本地经验,梳理和整合有针对性的、专业化干预服务模式应该列入中国大陆家庭暴力干预工作的重要议程。     

日本婚姻暴力的现状及对策

婚姻暴力是指发生在已婚夫妻、同居男女、已离婚或分居的男女、关系等同于夫妻的男女之间的暴力行为。婚姻暴力在日本曾长期被作为家庭私事来思考和处理。20世纪80、90年代以来,日本婚姻暴力逐渐从潜在化走向明显化,并受到社会各界的广泛关注。进入21世纪后,中央和地方政府更是把消除婚姻暴力作为一项重要工作,出台了相关法律、政策,采取了一些具体措施,在全社会建立起了一个预防、干预和消除婚姻暴力的安全网络。     

构建和谐家庭反对婚姻暴力

关注婚姻暴力程度在一定意义上成为一个国家文明程度的象征。大量调查证实,私人生活中对妇女暴力的比例高于男性,针对妇女的暴力已突破国家、种族、年龄、文化、社会与经济位阶之局限。每年有成千上万的妇女和儿童因家庭暴力离开家庭。婚姻暴力受害者多为女性是世界各国普遍存在的问题,亦是妇女人权质量难以得到保障的重要原因。本文从婚姻暴力的界定出发,在分析婚姻暴力的特点及原因的基础上,给出了相应的法律对策。     

夫妻相对资源和情感关系对农民工婚姻暴力的影响——基于性别视角的分析

随着中国城市化进程的加快，农民工夫妻间经济权力结构和情感关系的变化将对婚姻暴力产生深远影响。本文引入性别视角，提出了解释农民工夫妻间婚姻暴力的综合分析框架，通过量化方法，分析夫妻相对资源和情感关系对农民工实施冷暴力和肢体暴力的影响及其性别差异。研究发现,农民工家庭中婚姻暴力现象较普遍，以冷暴力为主，女性施暴率显著高于男性；夫妻相对资源因素和情感关系因素对男性和女性实施婚姻暴力都有显著影响，相对资源因素对男性实施婚姻暴力的影响大于女性，夫妻情感关系对女性实施婚姻暴力的影响大于男性。     

婚姻暴力的社会工作伦理议题

随着婚姻暴力发生频率的上升,越来越多的社会工作专业人员和机构开始介入婚姻暴力事件。暴力不仅损害了女性的生命健康和人格尊严,破坏了家庭的安定和谐,而且对社会也具有较大的破坏力。由于引发婚姻暴力问题的隐蔽性和复杂性,社会工作专业人员在介入时,可能面临着各种伦理难题,专业人员要仔细考量各种选择的利弊并做出正确的价值判断。     

婚姻暴力的社会工作伦理议题

随着婚姻暴力发生频率的上升，越来越多的社会工作专业人员和机构开始介入婚姻暴力事件。暴力不仅损害了女性的生命健康和人格尊严，破坏了家庭的安定和谐，而且对社会也具有较大的破坏力。由于引发婚姻暴力问题的隐蔽性和复杂性，社会工作专业人员在介入时，可能面临着各种伦理难题，专业人员要仔细考量各种选择的利弊并做出正确的价值判断。     

预防与抑制：社会资本在婚姻——暴力中的影响机制初探

本文使用一项大规模抽样调查数据,分析了女性的社会资本对婚姻暴力的影响及其机制。研究使用网络规模、网络结构和网络资源衡量社会资本的不同方面,结果发现,网络规模和网络结构对婚姻暴力的发生具有预防作用,网络资源没有预防作用;网络结构对婚姻暴力的严重程度没有明显影响,网络规模和网络资源对婚姻暴力升级有抑制作用,但存在明显的城乡差异。本文对这些结果作了一些理论性探讨。     

婚姻暴力的概念和现状

在修改婚姻法的进程中 ,家庭暴力成为热门话题 ,而主要的关注点又集中在婚姻暴力方面。但研究中发现一些妇女工作者和妇女问题研究者对暴力的概念及其现状的描述存在较大的差异 ,其中相当一部分调查结果或传媒的报道缺乏可靠性甚至对公众舆论和婚姻立法起误导作用 ,因此 ,有必要对此进行学术拨正。婚姻暴力的概念在对婚姻暴力进行分析时 ,首先应对婚姻暴力的概念作出科学的界定。女性主义者大多认同一种较宽泛的描述 ,即把凡是伤害妇女或使她们处于屈从地位的行为甚至不作为 ,都看成是对妇女的暴力 ,如女性的贫困、营养不良、不能平等地享有…     

浅析婚姻暴力的危机介入、评估和辅导

婚姻暴力是社会常见的问题,其对受害人产生的危害十分明显。危机介入针对导致个人正常功能产生混乱的事件采取阻止行动,以解决危机情境。危机介入与社会工作的方法和技巧相结合,有利于缓解婚姻暴力的紧张和冲突。     

亲密关系暴力:男性与女性谁更具攻击性

亲密关系暴力是指现在或曾经处于亲密关系下(如婚姻关系、约会关系、同居关系等)的异性伴侣之间各种形式的身体、心理、性方面的暴力伤害行为。关于亲密关系暴力问题的社会学研究,是对以往的婚姻暴力、约会暴力研究领域的整合与拓展。尽管有的研究者认为应该把同性伴侣暴力也包括进去,但一般情况下亲密关系暴力主要是指异性伴侣攻击。在亲密关系暴力中,究竟是男性更具攻击性,还是女性与男性一样具有攻击性,抑或是女性比男性的攻击性更强?自20世纪70年代后期国外学界开始对婚姻暴力问题展开系统的研究至今,     

Possibilities for Intervention in Domestic Violence: Frame Analysis of Health Care Professionals’ Attitudes

ABSTRACT. Violence is a serious problem, and social and health care providers are in a key position for implementing successful interventions. This qualitative study of 6 focus groups with professionals (n = 30) examines the health care professionals’ ways of framing a domestic violence intervention. Of special interest here is how professionals see their own roles in the process of recognizing and helping victims of domestic violence. By using Erving Goffman's frame analysis, this study identifies several frames that either: a) emphasize the obstacles to intervention and justify nonintervention, or on the contrary, b) question these obstacles and find justifications for intervention. The possibilities for intervention are further explored by analyzing the ways in which the dynamics between the different frames allow redefinition of domestic violence interventions. Despite the challenges involved in a domestic violence intervention, there seems to be potential for change in personal attitudes and reform of professional practices. The research findings underline the role of social and health care professionals as members of a larger chain of service providers working collaboratively against domestic violence. Implications for practice and directions in policy and future research are suggested.     

Key decisions in child protection services in cases of domestic violence: maintaining services and out‐of‐home placement

This paper looks at the response of the child protection services (CPS) system in cases where exposure to domestic violence occurs alone or together with abuse or neglect, focusing on the factors involved in decisions to maintain the case open for ongoing services or remove children from the home. The study is based on an analysis of clinical and administrative data from the files on children reported to a CPS agency in Montreal, Canada. A total of 1 071 substantiated reports were documented, including 337 cases of co‐occurrence (32%). Analysis of the data shows that domestic violence does not by itself constitute a factor liable to lead to more intrusive intervention. The CPS response appears to be influenced more by the existence of other forms of maltreatment and risk factors. Additionally, while domestic violence may be associated with more severe individual and family problems, it does not influence the decision to keep the case open because the child still need services. The lack of any connection between domestic violence and this decision is a cause for concern, as results indicate that such families need help. Knowing how to respond to their needs therefore remains a major challenge.     

The Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Movement and Young People with Serious Physical Illnesses Who Support Building Communities of Care

In 2011–2012, a qualitative exploratory pilot study was conducted to examine the experiences of immigrant Mexican women using a culturally specific domestic violence intervention model curriculum in a Midwestern state. Using a psychoeducational group format, 20 immigrant Mexican women participated in two 11-week groups over a 9-month period at a community-based health clinic. Findings indicated immigrant Mexican women examined current relationships, dating, and domestic violence dynamics in group settings and reported changes in self-esteem within their own culture. Implications for social workers include learning how they can use culturally competent curriculums and programs in group formats.     

An Elder Abuse Case Study

Abstract

This article explores elder abuse from the perspective of caregiver stress and domestic violence theories. The author proposes that the theory of caregiver stress has shaped the elder abuse laws and the practice field, raising some important questions for examination. The need for policymakers and practitioners to evaluate their applied theory(ies) so they may better advocate for needed changes in policies and laws is examined by using a case example. In conclusion, the author suggests that the elder abuse protection field must consider the underutilized concepts of domestic violence theory for policy development, case assessments, and intervention strategies.     

Domestic violence and child abuse: developing social work practice

This paper takes as its starting point the report produced by the Social Services Inspectorate (1995), entitled Domestic Violence and Social Care , which seeks to alert social workers to the links between domestic violence and child abuse and urges the profession to respond more effectively to these two interconnected forms of violence. Having examined the research findings which provide evidence for these links, the theoretical and service delivery contexts in which these two forms of violence have been studied and conceptualized by the social work profession, both in the United Kingdom and in the United States, are identified. Studies of the social work response to domestic violence are discussed and some of the difficulties experienced by social workers in responding effectively to the needs of families where both forms of violence are experienced are considered. In particular, the issues of 'invisible' men and 'trapped' women and children are explored. It is argued that effective social work intervention which challenges these stereotypes will require additional resources and the article concludes with a consideration of whether the Messages from Research report might herald a shift in the approach to child protection that would promote the allocation of resources to this area of work.     

Exploring approaches to child welfare in contexts of domestic violence and abuse: Family group conferences

This article sets out to explore service provision for families affected by domestic violence and abuse. For most families where there are child protection concerns, there are possibilities for intervention from child welfare agencies and domestic abuse services, but these have been criticised as having distinct and disconnected practice cultures and orientation. Recognising this divergence, in this paper, we advocate for safeguarding children affected by domestic violence and abuse using the family group conference (FGC) model. This offers possibilities for a coherent response that integrates both child‐ and women‐centred concerns in a holistic approach to family safety and well‐being. Furthermore, it is well documented that safeguarding work involves professionally‐led decision‐making that is pre‐occupied with the management of risk. FGCs, however, promote a partnership approach that engages families in a more democratic decision‐making process. As such, FGCs offer families the opportunity to develop their own safety and support plans for the protection and care of children recognising the family's inherent strengths.     

National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, London, UK

The present article explores the complexity of children's experiences of domestic violence. It addresses the various terms used to describe this form of violence and provides a working definition. Reviewing the literature suggests prevalence rates of domestic violence between 25 and 60%. The difficulties in achieving prevalence and incidence rates are outlined. Where children's experiences of domestic violence have been addressed, attention has focused on either children witnessing the abuse of their mother or children directly being abused. Six main ways in which children may witness domestic violence are presented and the relationship between domestic violence and child abuse is examined briefly. An overview of the impact of domestic violence on children incorporates a discussion of the intergenerational transmission of violence theory. Some of the multiple factors which may inhibit children from talking about domestic violence are raised, indicating how complex this issue is for children. Finally, the need to recognize the diversity of children's experiences of and reactions to this form of violence is identified.     

家庭暴力的女权主义与系统理论的比较研究

家庭暴力已成为一个全球性的问题。从以往的研究中发现,任何一种单一的理论观点,都无法全面解释暴力现象。因此为了理解并有效地解决家庭暴力,在社会工作实务领域中有必要从多维视角出发来研究家庭暴力问题。本文通过对家庭暴力最有代表性的女权主义和系统理论的比较,提出了通过相互补充和完善女权主义和系统理论来解决家庭暴力问题的建议和意见。     

The mental health of children who witness domestic violence

There is now considerable evidence that witnessing domestic violence can have adverse consequences for children. Our aim is to present the socio-demographic correlates of children witnessing domestic violence and its association with childhood mental disorders. The biographic, socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of 7865 children and their families and measures of traumatic events including witnessing domestic violence were entered into a logistic regression analysis to establish the strength of association between witnessing severe domestic violence and childhood disorders. About 4% of children had witnessed severe domestic violence according to parent reports. Factors independently associated with a greater likelihood of a child witnessing domestic violence were: older age group, mixed ethnicity, physical disorder, several children in family, divorced parents, living in rented accommodation, poor neighbourhoods, the mother's emotional state and family dysfunction. Witnessing severe domestic violence almost tripled the likelihood of children having conduct disorder but was not independently associated with emotional disorders. There is a growing need for more research on the consequences of witnessing domestic violence to increase the awareness of social workers and policy-makers to identify the needs of children who witness domestic violence.