朱子与退溪、栗谷的道心人心说之比较

道心、人心之辩,乃朱子学之精髓。朱熹认为,道心人心之说是圣人尧舜相传之“道”。“所谓‘人心惟危,道心惟微,惟精惟一,允执厥中’者,尧舜禹相传之密旨也。”这十六字密旨,出自《尚书·大禹谟》,理学家以此为“正眼法藏”,也受到朝鲜朱子学双壁退溪和栗谷的关注和重视。朱熹所谓的“心”,是一个主体性的范畴。从性质上说,既是认识器官的物质之心,又是“存心养性”之心;从功能而言,既能“心统性情,”又能“心兼体用”。前者朱熹又分为“一块血肉之心”与“潜天潜地之心”,以及道心与人心之别,后者则有“未发已发”和“心体情用”之异。《朱子语类》记载: “问:先生尝言,心不是这一块,某窃谓满体皆心也,此特其枢纽耳。曰:不然,此非心也,乃心之神明升降之舍,人有病心者,乃其舍不宁也。凡五脏皆然,心岂无运用”。一块血肉之心,是乃神明升降之舍,相当于现在所说的器官、感官;心又并非只是血肉,具有“潜天潜地”的内涵,“所谓心者,是把个潜天潜     

王学的罅漏和刘宗周对王学的补救

阳明心学是在程朱理学不足以羁络人心的情势下建立的。王阳明认为,程朱理学所以不能羁络人心,在于朱学以为心仅仅具有明觉的功能,在格得天地万物之理之后,才与天理合一。这种观点不但把心看得虚了,而且也容易使学者游心于外物,使心为物累。针对朱学的这一弊端,他重新提出“心即理”的命题。王阳明认为,人心之所有者,不惟明觉,而且天理充盈,因此无须通过朱熹所谓的“即物穷理”,待格得天理之后,才能达到与天理的合一。但是王阳明“心即理”这一基本命题存在着严重的理论罅漏。“心即理”中的心,指主体意识;理,或天理,则是封建社会道德准则的异化,亦即封建纲常的异化。封建社会道德准则是该社会全体成员的意志通过复杂的合成而形成的社会共同体意志的体现,因此封建社会的     

牟宗三美学思想探论

当代学界对牟宗三的哲学思想研究较多,但对其审美理论很少涉猎。牟宗三美学思想的特色在于:强调中国文化生命中有一种“综和的尽气精神”,即英雄的、艺术性精神。牟宗三用儒家的心性之学,改造了康德哲学美学,建立了自己的道德理想主义美学,认为审美固然是一种判断,但它更具品鉴或赏鉴性质。康德的审美判断理论既有洞见,又存在着矛盾。从中国美学角度来看,真、善、美虽各有其独立性,但三者合而为一,“即真即善即美”。三者合一的关键在于善,在于道德之心,即实践理性之心。道德实践之心是主导,是人们建体立极的纲维。牟宗三“消化康德而归于儒圣”的美学运思,有助于国人确立中国美学的独特品质,实现传统美学的创造性转化。     

张载哲学中的本体呈现思想及其意义

张载哲学中的本体呈现思想是在整体的联结、神妙的组合中呈现的。从实现过程看,“太虚”、“道”、“性”、“心”不可分辨地融合为一个需要直觉、体悟的把握的“一”。这个“一”的呈现,是“气化”、“神化”、“感通”和“大心”的结果。“尽性”与“体物”、“成化”是同一呈现方式。本体呈现的状态是一种澄澈之“明”,即“诚明”,在人类社会之中,其本体呈现于“玉成”。其意义在于:让我们回归到最高的本体、价值、明觉之源,使我们能够穿透经验世界的黑暗而走向“澄(诚)明”,并有助于未来的中国哲学的重建和发展。     

孔子的仁学与“心学”

古今学者对孔子之于“心学”的开创之功,一向注意甚少而论述乏人。事实上,孔子之仁学,本与心学不二,《论语》《孟子》中所见孔子论“心”诸说,早已为后儒埋下建构心学之种子。本文从“仁”与“心”的即离关系、《孟子》所载孔子“论心四句”的心学价值、孔子忠恕之道的心学内涵、孔子“用心”说及其余绪四端加以论析,认为孔子论“心”,乃有显、隐二端,显者出之以“仁”,隐者证之以“恕”,二者本同而末异,殊途而同归,对于后世心学之本体论、认识论、修养工夫论之建立,实有先导发轫之功。     

“顺本体是善,逆本体是恶”:王阳明善恶观辨证

关于善恶,王阳明有着明确的界定:“顺本体是善,逆本体是恶。”其意在于,意念活动随顺心之本体,即是“善”;意念活动违逆心之本体,则为“恶”。由此,“善恶只是一物”与“善恶终不可混”两种看似矛盾的说法就能得以和会:“意之所在便是物”,善恶皆是就意念活动而言,故“善恶只是一物”;“有善有恶意之动”,意念活动于本体有顺逆的分判,故“善恶终不可混”。前者是要反对善恶实在主义,后者则批评了善恶相对主义。而王阳明关于善恶的界定,也涉及如何理解程颢的“善恶皆天理”:一方面,本心发动而有意念,意念发动而有善恶,善恶的分化实为本心流行的天然理则;另一方面,善恶是就心之本体的顺逆而言,而心之本体即是天理,故善恶皆是基于天理而得以界定。因此,“善恶皆天理”并不是说善恶皆根源于本体意义上的天理,而是说对善恶的界定不能离于天理。实则,如何超越对待之善恶以回归绝待之至善,方是王阳明善恶观的旨趣所在。     

“有心”的城市:城市规划理念的觉醒

“有心”的城市,这是一种城市规划理念的觉醒和呼唤.理想之城应有何种心态？最重要的是应当具有敬畏之心、利他之心、包容之心.应该怎样建设“有心”的城市？一是要以“生态手印”削减“生态足迹”;二是要从关注“环境影响评价”转向注重“社会影响评价”;三是要从开发商和政府主导的规划和开发模式转向多方共同参与模式.     

简法与繁法－中国诗学与叙事学之语言比较论

中国诗学的语言是简法语言 ,讲究用语的紧缩省略 ;叙事学语言是繁法语言 ,用语讲究增饰繁富。两者虽有不同 ,但最初皆从“简短”起步 ,然后才分化 ,朝着简与繁的不同方向发展。诗学语言之简与叙事学语言之繁 ,固然与各自的表现对象有关 ,但内在原因乃在于诗学以“心”为本 ,追求以少总多 ,叙事学以“事”为本 ,追求直观、详尽 ,两者各有所长 ,具有各自的艺术魅力     

契嵩"心"范畴的二重性及其意义

宋初云门宗契嵩的“心”范畴具有二重性 ,一方面作为“本体之心” ,“心”具有更多的超越性 ;另一方面作为“道德之心” ,“心”又具有更多的现实性。前者主要表现为对佛教心性论的继承 ,后者则主要表现为对儒家心性论的吸纳。这种二重性服务于当时调和儒佛、佛道乃至戒定慧、禅教的需要 ,客观上表明儒学化 (世俗化 )是当时佛教发展的总的态势。     

宋词疑义二考

周邦彦《兰陵王.柳》和晏几道《临江仙.梦后楼台》这两首词脍炙人口,但“柳阴直”和“两重心字罗衣”这两句如何理解,历来看法不一。本文通过考证,认为“柳阴直”之“直”乃“长”之义,“两重心字罗衣”是指绣有重叠的心字花纹图案的罗衣,寓有心心相印之意。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Microinsurance: A short history

Twenty years ago, the International Social Security Review published an article that introduced a new term to the vocabulary of development and social protection: Microinsurance. Now, twenty years later, it is suitable to take stock of the contribution of microinsurance towards promoting coverage and social security. The article reviews the main insights gained from 20 years of implementation, including a clear expression of the value proposition of health microinsurance, understanding the demand for microinsurance, the business process for successful implementation, and conditions that must be satisfied for scaling and sustainable operations. It also explains the context that led to a considerable divergence in the microinsurance space. The article offers a discussion of unresolved issues and thoughts about the future of microinsurance. The conclusion of this article is that microinsurance can flourish when the necessary four pillars for its implementation exist, namely mainstreaming through political support, enhanced insurance literacy of the customers, technical assistance to self‐administer the schemes, and availability of seed capital. The sufficient additional condition is that customers perceive microinsurance as offering welfare gains that cannot be obtained by other means.     

Culture,Place of Origin,and Service Delivery for Latino Older Adult Immigrants: The Case of Puerto Rican Older Adults

ABSTRACT

A conceptual model for the design and implementation of effective social services for Latino older adult immigrants in the United States is proposed in this article. Built on the stage-of-migration framework (Drachman, 1992 Drachman, D. 1992. A stage-of-migration framework for service to immigrant populations. Social Work, 37: 68–72. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the model presented shows how the premigration service experience of Latino older adults can be used as a basis for service design and implementation in the country of immigration. The case of Puerto Rican older adult immigrants is used to illustrate how the model can be applied to understand present service utilization and develop future programs that are useful and culturally sensitive for Latino older adult immigrants.     

Identifying Themes Regarding the Benefits and Limitations of Caregiver Support Group Conversations

Support groups continue to be one of the most needed and desired forms of help for family caregivers to persons with dementia. Though the effects of caregiver support group participation have been examined, the benefits and limitations of the dynamics of support group conversations have been neglected. This study focuses on the perceived consequences of group dynamics. Three themes—balance, sameness, and individuality—emerged through analysis of open-ended interviews with support group members following observations of their meetings. The consequences of these themes are illustrated with a case study and the implications of these themes for practitioners are discussed.     

Sonic Armatures

ABSTRACT

This article traces the construction of an acoustic regime in Renaissance Florence that was based on the casting, placement, and ringing of civic bells. In confronting the formidable but mute power of the defensive towers that dominated the city's skyline in the late middle ages, successive republican governments regulated these private towers with legislative restrictions while transforming them into a speaking architecture. The new civic bell towers played a crucial, if hitherto neglected role in the struggle to create the Florentine republic, which was the political ground upon which the cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance was founded. In contrast to the more antagonistic urbanistic policies that Florentine governments used to combat their enemies, however, the ringing of civic bells exploited the unifying power of religious bells—a power embedded in their role in uniting people into spiritual communities—to integrate its ideals, laws, and institutions into the soundscape of the city. As a result, the sonic armature created by these bells can be read as an evolving attempt to bind the social body to its architectural environment and to create a universal civic society that transcended more localized loyalties and whose existence guaranteed the legitimacy of its ruling bodies.     

时间与海德格尔的“时间性”

本文不是试图对海德格尔进行解释 ,而是试图从文本本身的角度质疑《存在与时间》中概念的矛盾性。《存在与时间》建立了一种新的 ,关于时间始源性问题的学说。时间的始源 ,被海德格尔称为“时间性”。时间性在此在分析中有中心地位 ,对时间作出了新的解释。然而时间性本身却是一个矛盾概念。时间性源于死的本真性 ;死所以是最本真的 ,因为死是必须此在自己去承担的存在可能性。如果以是否自己去承担为标准 ,那么此在能承担的存在可能性并不只有死。所以死不可能是最本真的。因而 ,时间性也不可能是始源性的时间学说。文章通过对时间性的分析指出 ,时间性学说是建立在对于时间的一般理解之上的。