性别偏好与农村妇女生育行为的实证分析

问题的提出及研究的目的由于传统文化在农民的意识中根深蒂固，而且性别偏好在农村显然比在城市显著，故研究者的眼光多放在农村。性别偏好是中国农民生育需求的核心所在，最难触动。以往这方面的研究虽然从原因、表现、后果、解决措施等几个方面来分析，但大体是侧重在其原因以及研究性别偏好和生育性别选择所产生的影响上。本文利用对湖北部分县市的调查资料，对妇女生育行为、男孩偏好进行深入分析以期加深对性别偏好和生育行为本身的研究，加深对观念，生育行为的动机、逻辑方面影响出生性别选择的认识。     

皖北皖南农民生育行为的影响因素比较分析

利用“皖北皖南生育水平差异比较研究”项目第一阶段调查资料 ,对安徽省南北农民生育行为的影响因素进行了比较分析与研究 ,认为皖北皖南农民生育行为受多种因素的影响 ,生育水平的高低是各种因素相互关联、综合作用的结果 ;在影响农民生育行为的诸多因素中 ,经济、社会、文化和计划生育是影响农村家庭生育行为 ,进而制约生育水平的四大重要因素。     

出生性别比偏高的特征与原因分析——对湖北省麻城、广水、安陆三市的调查

湖北省麻城、广水、安陆三市总出生性别比升高呈现出的特征:一孩出生性别比基本正常或略微高些,但二孩及以上出生性别比超高,而二孩出生性别比超高是总出生性别比升高的主要原因;政策内二孩生育存在严重男孩性别选择行为;贫困农民家庭是选择性男孩生育的主要群体;性别选择最容易在农村流出育龄人群中实现。农村经济社会文化环境、农民家庭多重生育需求、男孩偏好、生育性别选择,这些环环相扣的因果关系变量,以及胎儿性别鉴定与人工终止妊娠易获得性和现行生育政策的“挤压”效应等,是造成调查地出生性别比异常的综合因素。     

城镇外来农村流动人口的生育观念与行为分析--来自深圳调查的发现

本文利用2005年西安交通大学人口与发展研究所深圳外来农村流动人口调查数据,定量分析了流动前后城镇外来农村流动人口生育观念与行为的现状及其变化;并利用调查所得到的城镇户籍人口生育观念信息,比较分析了城镇外来农村流动人口与户籍人口生育观念的差异。研究表明,流动后农村流动人口的期望子女数减少,生育数量偏好与城镇户籍人口无显著差异;理想子女性别偏好观念有所弱化,但仍强于城镇户籍人口;农村流动人口初育年龄推迟,初育间隔缩短,一胎与二胎生育间隔延长,但仍具有较强的男孩偏好特征,男孩偏好行为的改变滞后于观念的变化。     

论家族文化对农村人口控制的影响

国外生育率转变理论认为,经济因素,特别是生产力发展水平是影响人口发展过程的主要因素,经济的现代化是生育率革命和人口革命的根本原因,也就是说,只要经济发展了,生育率自然而然地就会发生根本性转变。也有的学者把“财富流”在父代和子代之间的流动方向和数量,作为决定生育率高低的根本性条件。我认为,这些以西方文化背景和思维模式为基础的理论,很难诠释我国农村的生育率转变过程,尤其不能解释我国农村生育率水平下降至更替水平后遇到的硬性约束,即在男性偏好支配下的超生行为。究其原因就在于,我国的传统文化,尤其是传统家族文化对农民的生育观念和生育行为有着极其深刻的影响。可以说,文化因素对我国生育率转变所起的作用并不亚于经济因素,这与西方国家的情况是大不相同的。     

中国农民生育需求的层次结构

本文探讨了中国农民生育决策背后的需求动机问题。作为一种社会人口学的解析,作者尝试着提出了一个有关生育需求层次结构的理论假说,认为在中国农民实际的生育行为背后隐伏着一个复杂的生育需求体系或者说结构。生育需求的层次结构包含着二个层面的内容:第一层面是生育的动机问题,即为什么“生”;第二层面则是具体的生育偏好问题,即“生”什么,如何“生”以及“生”多少这三个相关的问题。作者强调指出:在家本位文化背景下的生育决策中,生育是一种不可完全由经济学的成本—效用理论来解释的强烈冲动,在经济上似乎并不合算的“生育”在传统文化层面上找到了合理的解释。特别是,在三种生育偏好中存在着一种由文化自觉编排好的内在逻辑,即性别偏好是最重要的,其次是时间偏好,最后才是数量偏好。     

对中国生育"男孩偏好"社会动因的再思考

本文通过对部分中国育龄夫妇生育性别选择行为的文化诠释和制度分析,说明了生育“男孩偏好”的文化根源和制度基础。指出:在中国社会,男孩具有女孩所不具备的价值、特别是家庭和社会价值;同时“男孩偏好”是一种源于家庭制度和个体社会行为模式、制度化的社会价值取向。因此,人口出生性别比失常从根本上说反映了制度与文化的冲突,要扭转它需要制度创新和文化建设。     

婚姻挤压下农村流动人口的生育性别偏好——基于相对剥夺感视角的分析

中国的出生性别比偏高持续了三十年,婚姻挤压问题日益凸现,大规模的城乡人口流动则加剧了婚姻挤压问题及其社会影响的严重性与复杂性。受制度与非制度因素影响,农村流动人口在城市处于社会底层,易遭遇成婚困难、诱发相对剥夺感,可能对生育偏好产生重要影响。本文基于相对剥夺感视角,对2009年福建省X市外来农村流动人口调查数据的分析发现,婚姻挤压对农村流动人口的生育性别偏好的观念与行为均无显著影响,但相对剥夺感对生育性别偏好行为有显著影响。本研究有助于理解婚姻挤压与相对剥夺感对农村流动人口生育性别偏好演化的特殊作用,对国家调整生育政策、提高流动人口计生服务与管理、促进性别平等有一定借鉴意义。     

中国传统文化与农村人口控制问题

众所周知，在农村生育率下降过程中，制度因素起了很大作用，但面对深受传统文化濡染的中国农民，只有从文化角度才能剖析其生育行为的真正内核。本文旨在探寻：１．传统文化如何影响农民的生育决策？２．农民的传统生育观念给未来农村人口控制带来怎样的课题和挑战？３．...     

婚姻形式与男孩偏好:对中国农村三个县的考察

应用在招赘婚姻高度流行区、中度流行区和低度流行区的调查数据 ,本文研究了严格生育控制下婚姻形式以及个人、家庭和社会因素对男孩偏好的影响及其区域差异。研究发现 ,嫁娶婚姻的生育行为有明显的男孩偏好倾向 ,而招赘婚姻的生育行为则不存在性别偏好 ;男孩偏好存在显著的区域差异 ,招赘婚姻的流行显著降低了当地的男孩偏好水平。研究结果为政府在农村降低男孩偏好水平、稳定低生育率提供了新的思路和途径     

Religious fertility differentials in Thailand, 1960

Abstract Although the evidence supporting high fertility in Thailand is clear-cut, little is known about fertility differentials within the population. As part of a larger investigation, a special 1 % tabulation of the 1960 Thai census data on number of children ever-born to married women has been analysed to determine the extent of differentials by religion and urban-rural status. The findings point to considerable differentials among Buddhists, Moslems, and Confucianists. Standardizing for age, the number of children ever-born to 12/loslems averaged well below the number born to Buddhists. Confucian fertility was intermediate. Within specific age groups, the number of children ever-born to Moslem women was considerably below the Buddhist average and the differentials were sharper in the higher age groups. By contrast, Confucian fertility was highest of all in the age groups under 35, but lower than the Buddhist averages among older women. Significant urban-rural differentials also exist. For both the Buddhist and the Confucian women, fertility is markedly lower in urban than in rural categories. When controlling for both age and urban-rural status, Buddhist and Confucian differences tend to be minimal. By contrast, Moslem fertility was highest in the most urban category - Bangkok - but was considerably lower and substantially below the fertility levels of Buddhists and Confucianists in all other urban-rural categories. The census data in themselves do not permit adequate analysis of the reasons for the differentials. Later age at marriage in urban places may be a significant factor in accounting for the overall differentials in urban-rural fertility ; but this relation is much less clear for specific religious groups, particularly since Moslems marry at a considerably earlier age. More frequent divorce and remarriage may lower Moslem rates. Poorer health may also be a factor.     

Socioeconomic status,value orientations,and fertility behavior in India

This paper examines the role assumed by value orientations in the explanation of fertility behavior. Specifically the concern is with the extent to which value orientations intervene between, or mediate, the relationship between socioeconomic status and fertility behavior. The relationships between socioeconomic status, four types of value orientations and three aspects of fertility behavior are examined among males in India. In most instances value orientations provide neither the sole nor the partial interpretations of the relationship between socioeconomic status and fertility. The results of this investigation suggest once again the inadequacy of value orientations as predictors of fertility behavior.     

Cointegration modeling of fertility in the United States

This paper presents estimates of a multiple time series model of fertility, female labor force participation, women's wages, and the relative cohort size of younger to older adult males. Cointegration methods permit modeling of these nonstationary variables, yielding estimates of the long-run relation among the variables, and the dynamic response of each variable to displacements from the steady state. The estimated steady state relation between fertility and the other variables is consistent with economic models of fertility, with fertility negatively related to female wages and male relative cohort size. Fertility responds to cohort size in a manner that is consistent with Easterlin's relative income model of household behavior. Finally, both female labor market variables adjust significantly to departures from the steady state relation, implying that they cannot be treated as exogenous in time series models of fertility.     

On the derivation of a two-sex stable population model

It is well known that the intrinsic rates of growth derived separately for the males and females in a population, when one assumes the continuation of their respective mortality and fertility experiences, usually turn out to be different. Noting that the phenomenon of human reproduction is a product of the cooperation between the two sexes, we have attempted in this paper to define the sex-age-specific fertility rates as a function not only of age but also of time, where the latter is implicitly introduced in the model through the sex composition of the reproductive population. It has been shown that a stable model can then be defined based on such changing sex-age-specific fertility rates and given sets of unchanging mortality rates. The fertility rates stabilize with time, and the common intrinsic rates of growth for the two sexes are found to lie in the interval generated by the corresponding rates of the two one-sex models. Several other interesting relationships among the parameters of this model have been presented in the paper. Among other alternatives, a least square solution has been presented for the values of sex-age-specific fertility rates that are minimally discrepant with the observed rates but are consistent in terms of the parametric estimates they generate. It is interesting to note that a relatively modest adjustment in the sex-age-specific fertility rates is all that it takes to eliminate the inconsistencies generated by the separate one-sex models.     

Some aspects of mating and fertility in the West Indies

This paper deals with certain problems in fertility analysis in the West Indies that have their origin in two characteristics of the populations involved: the diversity of family forms and the imbalance between the sexes. Considerations of the main features of these family types, in terms of a fourfold classification as well as in terms of the threefold classification adopted at recent censuses (single, common law and married), show that many techniques relied on in the study of fertility among European populations are inapplicable to West Indian populations.

The limited data available permit only rough estimates of the rates of formation of different types of unions: but these emphasise that formal marriage usually takes place late in the childbearing period, generally after the couple has had one-or more children, that the formation of keeper unions begins considerably earlier and that the common law type is a transitional state between the looser keeper union and the state of formal marriage.

There seems to be no chance of studying fertility differentials among the several family types in terms of reproduction rates. Census data however provide three measures for this purpose, all of which show that fertility is highest for the married type and lowest for the single or keeper union. These differentials seem to run counter to the more usual pattern of fertility differentials which show fertility lowest among groups of high socio-economic standing.

Imbalance between the sexes is of importance primarily in the problem of arriving at satisfactory indices of fertility, though it may also have contributed somewhat to the establishment of the pattern of low marriage rates. Wide discrepancies between rates based on males and rates based on females appear, both in respect of fertility levels at given points of time and in respect of fertility trends. These discrepancies seem closely related to the imbalance between the sexes in. the reproductive age span. Under these conditions the use of joint G.R.B's clearly offers a more realistic measure of fertility than rates based on either sex.     

The influence of the farm size on the parity of a farming family in Poland

This paper aims at statistical identification of the relationship between the parity of farming families and the area of the farm and the role this variable plays among variables describing the model of families' parity. To reach this objective results of a questionnaire survey were used, one performed among the group of individual farmers' families keeping agricultural accounting in 1985. The analysis covered 1291 rural farming couples who married in the years 1920-1984. According to the results obtained, the thesis posed by W. Stys with regard to positive relationships between parity in a family and the farm's area only relates to marriages entered into between 1920-1964. In single five-year marriage cohorts, a change of shape of this relationship was observed. It took the shape of a parabolic function or polynomial of the third order. The research results showed that in marriage cohorts with finished fertility, variable area of the farm turned out to be almost insignificant in explaining changes in the number of live born children compared to other demographic factors, especially cultural and demographic ones.     

Marriage markets and nonmarital fertility in the United States

We merge census microdata with vital statistics data to examine the effect of women's marriage opportunities on nonmarital fertility rates and ratios across 75 U.S. metropolitan areas. Measures of the quantity and "quality" of marriageable men simultaneously specific for women's age, race, education, and place of residence reveal especially poor marriage prospects for highly educated black women. The effect of mate availability on nonmarital fertility is generally modest. Among white women, marriage opportunities are associated inversely with the nonmarital fertility rate, perhaps reflecting an increased likelihood that a premarital conception will be legitimated. Marriage opportunities also reduce nonmarital fertility ratios for young black and white women. The nonmarital fertility rate is lower among women whose marriage pool includes a large percentage of nonemployed males. Only a small proportion of the racial difference in nonmarital fertility appears attributable to differences in the marriage markets of black and of white women.     

中国生育现代化问题的定量研究

本文主要对我国生育现代化进行了一些定量研究 ,构造了生育现代化综合指数 ,在历史及省际比较的基础上认为我国生育现代化自建国以来呈波浪形上升演进过程 ,省际差异大而且生育现代化内部各方面发展不平衡。     

Relative cohort size: source of a unifying theory of global fertility transition

Using United Nations estimates of age structure and vital rates for 184 countries at five‐year intervals from 1950 through 1995, this article demonstrates how changes in relative cohort size appear to have affected patterns of fertility across countries since 1950—not just in developed countries, but perhaps even more importantly in developing countries as they pass through the demographic transition. The increase in relative cohort size (defined as the proportion of males aged 15–24 relative to males aged 25–59), which occurs as a result of declining mortality rates among infants, children, and young adults during the demographic transition, appears to act as the mechanism that determines when the fertility portion of the transition begins. As hypothesized by Richard Easterlin, the increasing proportion of young adults generates a downward pressure on young men's relative wages (or on the size of landhold‐ings passed on from parent to child), which in turn causes young adults to accept a tradeoff between family size and material wellbeing, setting in motion a “cascade” or “snowball” effect in which total fertility rates tumble as social norms regarding acceptable family sizes begin to change.     

就业倒逼机制、农户教育理性变迁与大学生非正规就业

以就业＂倒逼机制＂为逻辑起点,探讨就业＂倒逼机制＂、农户教育理性变迁、大学生非正规就业之间的内在关联,并以农村大学生非正规就业路径校正农户教育理性的偏离。