社会的润滑剂:湘南地区民间观音信仰社会功能的考察

高亭乡位于湘南地区南端,该乡观音信仰具有四个特点:即以崇拜观音为主和以祈福消灾为目的;传统性与普遍性;淳朴性与独立性以及松散性的特点。展示出观音信仰在该乡独特的社会功能——对主流社会的非功能性、实现人际交往功能以及提供心理慰藉功能。观音信仰如同当地社会这个大机器上的润滑油,使社会运转得更顺畅,让社会更和谐。     

理工科青年大学生信仰问题的研究

近年来大学生信仰问题成为高校十分关注的问题,本文以当代理工科青年大学生为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方式探查理工科大学生的信仰现状,并对问卷调查结果进行了细致的分析,试图厘清理工科大学生信仰的现状和原因,希望能对大学生信仰问题研究提供一个视角参考和方法依照。     

关于当代中国社会阶层及其信仰的哲学思考

改革开放后中国社会出现了急剧的社会变迁,整个社会呈现出多元化发展态势.社会出现了分层,人们的信仰也呈现出一定分层次性.社会各阶层在信仰上的表现和异同,信仰与阶层的辩证关系,信仰在促进阶层和谐乃至于社会和谐中的地位和作用,促使人们关注社会冲突与和谐中的和谐现象,阶层间信仰的和谐是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要条件.     

企业社会工作模式的“理想类型”及其建构

本文借鉴韦伯＂理想类型＂的概念和方法,通过分析企业社会工作发展的现实基础及影响因素,对企业社会工作模式的典型要素加以突出与组合,提出应当在企业社会工作介入内容、介入途径、介入方法上构建适合不同企业主体的企业社会工作服务模式。     

多样化社会思潮与马克思主义信仰教育问题的思考

改革开放以来,西方的各种社会思潮通过各种途径不断地渗透、传播到我国,良莠不齐的西方社会思潮以及国内形成的本土社会思潮并存于特定时空内的现实给我国的主流意识形态及作为中华民族精神支柱的马克思主义信仰产生的强大冲击是不容忽视的。因之,全面审视当代社会思潮的表现及其基本特征,探讨多样化社会思潮对马克思主义信仰教育所产生的诸多负面影响及应对之策,对于巩固和加强社会主义核心价值体系对多样化社会思潮的引领作用具有极强的理论和现实意义。     

重建规则的信仰--民营企业发展亟须解决的问题

如何抓住空前的机遇和应对严峻的挑战 ,民营企业亟须重建规则的信仰 ,完成自身的历史性转变。     

中国人的信仰认同模式以儒教信仰为中心

英语中的“宗教”,就西方基督教而言,是一种制度宗教;汉语中的“宗教”,则不一定指称宗教制度。中国儒教当然不等同于西方语义中的制度宗教,但无疑是一种具有宗教特征的信仰结构。杨庆堃所谓“扩散宗教”的概念,与本文讨论的中国“信仰”,及其在权力秩序和制度宗教之外那种私人、扩散式的信仰认同模式非常相似。为此,本文把儒教的信仰认同模式作为个人信仰与他人信仰、儒教信徒与其他社会成员的互动结果,并以信仰“认同”作为儒教的行动单位,同时亦作为一种分析工具,经由对儒教信仰认同规则的考察,讨论儒教信仰及其信仰群体的建构逻辑,进而分析儒教信仰经纬中中国社会的模式及其演变路径。     

文化:在信仰与劳作之间——后实践哲学视域下的文化哲学论纲

文化哲学的解析与建构需要将自己建立在一个哲学理念之上.这个哲学理念需要将内在性与超越性、此岸与彼岸、现实活动与超验意向等统一起来.这个哲学理念需要既摆脱旧形而上学所隐含的价值虚妄与暴力,也需要规避一元实践主义所隐含的虚无主义.在后实践哲学的视域中,文化作为对人的生存安顿包含着超验信仰与现实的劳动实践两个维度.在中国的历史传统与思想脉络中,文化乃是以文化之,也就是所谓的人文化成的王道政治;政治乃是正之以文以治,也即是以教化实施统治.因此,文化的问题在其现实性上就是政治问题.     

汉人亲属关系与人神关系的互动模式——对沂蒙山区三个信仰案例的思考

信仰研究与亲属关系研究分属于中国社会文化研究中不同的领域,向来被认为是支配不同社会的文化机制,文章试图把它们结合在一起进行思考.就人神关系与亲属关系的互动而言,选取三个各有所指案例:第一个案例显示,亲属关系优越于人与神之间的信仰关系;第二个案例显示,亲属关系让位于人神关系;第三个案例显示,二者存在交叉,交相为胜.此三套逻辑是汉人亲属关系与人神信仰关系之间互动的最基本模式,对于理解汉人社会运转具有理论工具意义.     

作为关系的社会概念——重释历史唯物主义的一种思路

在我国,一些学者主张从个人的活动出发来建构历史唯物主义,另一些人主张从社会结构的总体上来建构它.这两种做法都容易把个人和社会对立起来.实际上,无论社会还是个人都应被当做关系来理解.所有的人都是社会关系网上的节点,社会就是各种不同关系构成的多样体系.社会历史研究就是对于这种关系网络的解释,人也通过对社会关系网络的解释而对社会关系网络进行生产和再生产.社会关系一旦形成就会具有超出个人控制范围的虚拟结构,生产力的发展过程会破除这种虚拟结构并使社会关系结构得到变迁.     

Harre's Social Philosophy and Political Philosophy: A Social Scientific Critique

In his article, “Saving Critical Realism,” Harre (2009 ) relates his revised philosophy of science to a social philosophy concerning the nature of society, and to a political philosophy regarding the nature of freedom and reform. I argue that his social philosophy and political philosophy rest upon an individualistic sense of society and freedom. I demonstrate that his individualism is factually and politically untenable. (I shall not comment on his philosophy of science, although the errors in his social and political philosophies make it suspect.) I counterpose an alternative social philosophy and political philosophy that are based on a structural model of society, freedom, and social change. My critique demonstrates how social science can adjudicate claims of structuralist vs. individualist social and political philosophy. It also argues that social science must constitute the basis for formulating political ideals of freedom and social organization if these are to be viable.     

Business Social Responsibility: Perspectives of Businesses and Social Workers

ABSTRACT

This article compares the attitudes of social workers and business employees regarding the community involvement of businesses and the role of social workers in this involvement. The study, based on a structured questionnaire, was conducted in Israel and consisted of 316 participants from two cohorts: social workers and business employees. The principal findings show that social workers are more inclined than business employees to recommend that social workers increase their involvement in business social responsibility (BSR); business employees are more likely than social workers to advocate that the latter assume managerial functions; both groups support a low level of influence for social workers on decision-making processes and a role of exchange of knowledge rather than full partnership. The discussion addresses the implications of the findings for increasing social workers' involvement in BSR and cooperation with the business sector.     

Taiwanese Protective Social Workers Meeting Elected Representatives: Perspectives of Protective Social Workers

Abstract

As no empirical research in Taiwan has investigated elected representatives’ interventions in protective social work, this research explores protective social workers’ experiences of elected representatives’ involvement in protective cases. Quantitative and qualitative research was conducted with 313 Taiwanese protective social workers. Data were collected with an anonymous open-ended questionnaire from both public and private sectors. Findings revealed that elected representatives become comprehensively involved in some protective cases, stressing protective social workers to the point of burnout and resignation. However, no effective methods to limit or stop political interruption exist. Therefore, this study proposes that central and local governments should pay more attention to this phenomenon by restricting interference and arranging training and seminars for both protective social workers and elected representatives. In the near future, quantitative or qualitative studies should be conducted using a larger population and face-to-face interviews to acquire an in-depth understanding of the representation of the perspectives of protective social workers.     

明清道教神仙信仰的民众化

神仙信仰是道教的核心信仰.明清道教神仙信仰的民众化主要是指神仙信仰深入普通民众生活并对民众的生产、生活及心理产生普遍影响的社会现象.其内容主要包括三个方面:神仙形象的民间化,即从天上神仙到民间异人;神仙功能的社会化,即从个体成仙到救世度人;神仙居所的尘世化与内向化,即从遥不可及的"洞天福地"到遍布乡间市井的官观庙宇,一直深入到人们的心灵居所.这一民众化过程,是明清社会大变动榕局之下的产物,这一时期的经济、政治、社会控制等是民众化最终形成的外部因素.同时,这一民众化过程与中国封建社会的文化特征亦有着密切的关联,凸显了中国文化的一体化与交融性.     

Survey on Perceptions of Social Fairness and Their Implications for Social Governance Innovation*

At the present stage, social fairness or equity is an important area of governance in China, and increasing the level of fairness is an important theme of work. In 2016, the Chinese government laid down specific arrangements and operations relating to equity in education, social security, market competition, etc. The participatory governance model entails testing policy outcomes in relation to the sense of fairness of the mass of the people. Our survey found that perceptions of fairness are higher among middle- and high-income groups and are lower in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. In social security, however, perceptions of fairness and of improvements in the level of fairness are lower than they are for education and market competition. Overall, specific policies relating to fairness in education have been quite effective in enhancing people's perceptions of fairness. Accordingly, if we are to make effective improvements in the fairness of social governance, we need a more rational distribution system that takes into account public opinion and expands the scope of fairness in social security.     

Children's Theory of Mind: Understanding of Desire, Belief and Emotion with Social Referents

Preschooler's understanding of belief, desire, and emotion was assessed in a new false belief task that explored childen's mental state reasoning about social situations. The social analog task presented a change in a partner's play activity rather than a change in the location of a physical object. Two main differences from the usual pattern of theory of mind results were obtained. Five-year-olds had more difficulty understanding a false belief about another's current social activity compared to a false belief about a physical situation. The understanding of desire exhibited a 3- to 5-year age change that may have been shown because the social situation involved conflicting desires. When there was a conflict, the younger children tended to disregard the stated desire and exhibited 'social opportunism' by misattributing desires to permit a social interaction. The new results give a more varied picture of the development of theory of mind, and argue for expanding its study into social frames of reference.     

社会性个体的生成：杜威的儿童研究及其社会理论意涵

本文通过集中讨论杜威基于儿童研究而进行的行动力教育,揭示实用主义思想对个体主义的具体理解。在美国镀金时代,孤立个体主义加剧了现代美国人的道德危机和社会分裂。杜威此时进行的儿童研究与教育改革,首要的目标是重新理解现代个体的行动结构和人格形态,以克服孤立个体主义造就的行动难题。利用“刺激—反应”的行动机制,杜威同时结合了自然力量和社会意识,力图在开展行动力教育的过程中塑造一种“社会性个体”。社会性个体一方面保留了源于自然的神圣性,另一方面又不断吸收来自社会的文明传统,以应对现代世界在人心和社会两方面的挑战。本研究有助于我们进一步理解美国社会学的早期思想根基并反思当下的生存处境。     

金融危机的逻辑及其社会后果

目前中国的经济问题,从表面看来,是在美国金融危机冲击的背景下发生的,但从根本上来说,是一场从生活必需品时代向耐用消费品时代转型转不过去而形成的传统的生产过剩危机。原发于美国的金融危机只是引发并加速了正在酝酿中的中国的生产过剩危机。因此,美国的问题不一定是中国的问题。中国目前所面临的问题更具有传统的生产过剩危机的特点。这是我们分析中国在这次危机中一些重要问题的前提,而对经济危机产生的社会后果的讨论,也必须建立在这一前提的基础之上。中国所面临的问题主要是表现在实体经济的层面及其该问题向社会层面的传导。在这种情况下,我们面临的重要任务是,利用经济危机的机会,真正实现发展方式的转变,为从生活必需品时代顺利转型到耐用消费品时代创造条件;同时进行社会安全网络的建设,形成可以隔绝或减缓经济危机向社会层面传导的过滤机制。     

曼海姆:社会重建时代的理性与非理性研究

曼海姆指出,现代西方社会危机根源于理性与非理性在社会发展中的失调,主要表现在:人类控制非理性能力发展的不均衡与分配的不平等;工业社会的功能理性导致实质理性的丧失;大众政治的非理性对现代民主的威胁;个人和社会处在一种“有组织的不安全”状态。曼海姆基于批判理性主义的立场,试图通过弘扬教育、实施民主、制定计划,来重建一种理性与情感协调的社会,以解决社会的危机。