美国社区调解制度与基层社会和谐（上）

在许多西方国家,当民众自身利益（如居住环境、生活方式）受到侵害、威胁,或由于政府服务不能满足其需求（如公共教育、保健、安全）时,公民通常会通过常规途径诉诸个人权利,而各级政府也都有相应的机制保证公民通过常规政治参与途径解决基层纠纷。比较而言,中国社会由于各级政府的基层调解机制尚未完善,公民的权利义务意识淡薄,使得一些基层矛盾得不到及时解决而激化,最终导致“集体上访”、”跳楼秀”和其他一些恶性案件频发．影响了整个社会的安定与和谐。因此．参照西方国家经验,建立基层社区调解机制乃中国社会的当务之急。     

和平解决民事纠纷——调解机制初探

中国古代民间调解历史悠久，积累了丰富的经验，其在解决纠纷中的低成本、高效率、全面性、易执行等特点与我国民事纠纷的性质与特点具有某种程度的契合性。在我国推行和谐社会建设的背景下，以调解方式解决民事纠纷具有正当性，尤其在乡土社会，调解方式应成为民事纠纷解决的主要途径。     

习俗、权威与纠纷解决的场域——河北一村落的法律人类学考察

在有关中国法律纠纷解决的研究中 ,一个日益突显的争论是在历史学家黄宗智和法律史学家梁治平之间展开的。黄宗智 (Ｈｕａｎｇ ,ｌ993;1 994)和梁治平 ( 1 996ａ :ｌ996ｂ)都从“国家与社会关系”这样的分析框架人手 ,对习惯法与国家法的关系问题作了比较深入的研究。黄宗智的研究认为 ,在国家法典与民间的非正式调解的习惯法之间有一个中间状态 ,他把这个状态称之为第三领域 (ｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｒｅａｌｍ)。通过对清代和民国时期的法律档案的研究 ,黄宗智认为 ,在一起纠纷尚没有诉诸法庭解决时 ,社区的纠纷调解人以及亲属就会出来进行调解…     

农村法律援助的现状与对策

现阶段我国新农村建设工作在不断推进落实的过程中,各类惠民政策的落实,让农村地区千家万户都广为受益,切实地提升了广大农民群众的经济条件。但是,我们也要深刻地认识到,当前农村地区的不同类型矛盾纠纷数量一直在不断上涨,同时纠纷解决过程中也面临着更多的法律方面的问题。如何更好地对法律援助工作进行落实,这对于当前新农村建设工作的有效开展和保障农村地区社会稳定有着至关重要的作用。     

规范审前调解程序的几点建议

随着社会经济的发展,社会矛盾日益突出,民事纠纷的数量不断增多。如何在司法资源有限的情况下,及时化解民事纠纷成为各国司法界关注的对象。民事审前调解制度在解决民事诉讼纠纷中能更好的减少诉讼成本、提高诉讼效率,对实现司法为民、简化办案程序、减轻办案压力均具有重要意义。文中通过对民事司法调解制度历史发展的介绍。及审前调解的价值分析．提出规范我国民事审前调解的建议,以此来提高解决民事纠纷的效率．发挥民事审前调解程序在构建和谐社会中的作用。     

市场纠纷与政府介入——一个风险转化的解释框架

本文讨论市场治理中的政府介入问题,即宣称为规则制定者或市场监管者的地方政府为何会深度介入市场主体之间的交易纠纷。结合社会学和经济学的制度分析,本文建构了一个风险转化的理论框架,并用其解读温州民间借贷服务中心的一起借贷纠纷案例。研究表明,政府介入交易纠纷的过程,涉及经济风险向政治风险转化以及政府对风险转化的回应两个方面;法律的完备性、政府与市场主体的关联性、政府之于社会的可退出性,是影响风险转化的三个结构性因素;面对风险转化,政府感知到的潜在政治风险强度越大,越容易介入交易纠纷。本文为市场转型中的政府角色研究和市场制度的社会建构研究提供了新的分析路径。     

中产小区:阶级构成与道德秩序的建立

当代中国的社会结构出现了重大转变,一个新兴的中产阶级逐渐形成。在北京,我们采用民族志的方法对一个中产阶级的住宅小区进行了访谈,并分析小区之内道德秩序的构建:关键要素之一是对公共和私人的界定与协调。我们试图了解居民们常态下的日常生活,并考察他们内部的微观政治学。从如何恰当饲养宠物到区内居民的着装问题,由业主之间讨论的话题,了解到中产阶级如何在社区内打造一种新的生活方式。     

小议学习型组织视角下的高校教师培训

知识是社会发展的源动力,学习是社会发展的基础。高校教育是知识的重要传播渠道之一,高校教育如何在21世纪为社会创造更多的价值,教师培训工作成为了一个重要的因素。本文利用学习型组织原理设计新型的高校教师培训模式,通过对高校教师培训工作的完善,以助于中国当代教师培训工作更好地发展。     

尴尬的中国中产

对于当代中国中产阶级研究来说，2007年可能成为一个不寻常的转折点。2007年4月，南京大学社会学系周晓虹教授主编的“中国中间阶层研究”系列丛书出版，对中间阶层的消费行为、文化品位、教育传承、身份认同等进行了全面、系统的剖析；7月，在湖南长沙召开的中国社会学第17届年会上，“中产阶级的比较研究”论坛成为此次会议级别最高、最吸引人的论坛之一；英国《金融时报》中文网资深记者魏城与其团队编辑、采写的《中国中产阶级调查》系列报道和讨论，获得2007年亚洲出版人协会卓越解释类报道奖之后，最近又由中国南方日报出版社结集成书，名为《所谓中产》。这又为当代中国中产阶级研究注入了新的力量，也已经并可能会引发更多的社会反响。     

话语暴力的和解之道

今天中国社会有各种形式的暴力：有公权力的暴力，比如强制拆迁、城管打人；有民众的暴力，合理诉求得不到回应就诉诸暴力，砸车、砸商店等；人与人之间的纠纷得不到解决也诉诸暴力，比如肖传国雇人打伤方舟子；还有一种是话语的暴力，这是种软暴力，BBS、博客、微博上充斥着话语暴力，一旦形成争论，往往不是先说理，而是直接转向语言的冲突，相互问候老祖宗，或者互相扣帽子，气势汹汹。     

Social Capital, Resource Mobilization and Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

Abstract  This article critiques the contradictory claims of Robert Putnam and Aldon Morris in relation to the American civil rights movement. Putnam identifies the South as the American region most lacking in social capital, and argues more generally that the 1960s marked a watershed beyond which social capital in the United States declined in all regions. Morris identifies the indigenous resources of southern African American communities as fundamental to the civil rights movement's emergence in the late 1950s and sees the social networks and cultural assets of the African American church in particular as central to the movement. The article disputes Putnam's negative judgment of the South by highlighting the role played by various types of social capital in the movement's launch. It also challenges Morris's over-emphasis on the ability of charismatic, black church leadership to deliver mass support and re-affirms the role played by female lay figures, such as beauticians.     

Networks of social capital: Extending a public relations model of civil society in Peru

Scholars have argued that public relations can and indeed must be used to improve society. This article builds on the work of Taylor and Doerfel (2005), who advocated for the continued study of civil society through the lens of public relations theory. This study contributes to a normative public relations model of civil society by examining how interorganizational relationships, which may initially be established for purposes of resource exchange, benefit civil society through the creation and maintenance of social capital. The study examined a segment of Peruvian civil society dedicated to media development, as media is a key partner in building civil society (Taylor, 2009). The results of the study help to explain how interorganizational relationships contribute to the creation of social capital in a civil society network, and how certain network positions are integral to maintaining the social capital of a community of actors. Implications for the role of public relations in building and maintaining networks of interorganizational communities are discussed.     

社会建设就是建设社会现代化

当前,中国特色社会主义建设事业从原来的经济、政治、文化建设三位一体扩展为包括社会建设的四位一体的总体布局,标志着我国社会发展进入以社会建设为重点的新阶段。社会建设就是建设社会现代化。建设社会现代化是一个宏大复杂的系统工程,其发展将经历三个阶段:从改善民生事业、社会事业、加强创新社会管理做起为第一个阶段;着力推进社会体制改革,实现城乡一体化,理顺社会关系,形成一个与社会主义市场经济体制及现代经济结构相协调的合理、开放、包容的现代社会结构为第二个阶段;实现民主法治、公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序,人与人和谐相处的社会主义和谐社会的社会现代化为第三个阶段。     

At the Intersection of Social Entrepreneurship and Social Movements: The Case of Egypt and the Arab Spring

With a history of civic associations turned political, and an ongoing sociopolitical transformation in Egypt, social entrepreneurship (SE) has proliferated as an alternative to traditional forms of civic engagement such as charities on one hand and open activism on the other. Yet, situated between a desire for change, and the overpowering state and market logics, SE has been both limited and shaped by neoliberal and local-authoritarian visions. Using Egypt as the case, this study combines in-depth interviews with civil society practitioners, and field observation at an SE incubator, to examine how SE came to embody a desire for change using publicly sanctioned logics, all while enacting practices that preserve/revitalize a social movement in abeyance. By examining SE as part of a larger phenomenon in this particular moment of transition, this timely research allows us to investigate a link between social movements and SE not as two separate phenomena but as different ways of approaching the same thing: creating social transformation.     

Political Position and Social Knowledge1

The nature of social cognition—how we “know about” the social world—is one of the most deceptively obvious problems for sociology. Because we know what we know, we often think that we know how or why we know it. Here, we investigate one particular aspect of social cognition, namely, what we will call “political ideology”—that is, people’s self‐placement on a dimension on which persons can be arrayed from left to right. We focus on that understanding that is in some ways the “ur‐form” of social cognition—our sense of how we stand by others in an implicit social formation whose meaning is totally relational. At the same time, these self‐conceptions seem to be of the greatest importance for the development of the polity and of civil society itself. Our question is, when citizens develop such a “political ideology,” what does this mean, and what do they do with it? We examine what citizens gain from their subjective placement on the dimension from liberalism to conservatism by using the results of a survey experiment that alters aspects of a hypothetical policy.     

A Comparative Analysis of the Global Emergence of Social Enterprise

This article compares the emerging concept, practice, and context of social enterprise across seven regions and countries of the world. Broadly defined as the use of market-based approaches to address social issues, social enterprise provides a “business” source of revenue for civil society organizations. However, within these broad parameters, world regions have come to identify different concepts and contexts with the social enterprise movement in their areas. Largely lacking in the social enterprise literature are explanations of what these regional differences are, and whether and how socioeconomic context may play a role in these variations. Drawing on social origins theory, recent social enterprise comparative research, and socioeconomic data, this article examines the different factors shaping social enterprise in seven regions and countries. It finds that variations in socioeconomic contexts appear to account for international differences in social enterprise. These findings have practical implications for the development and transfer of social enterprise internationally.     

Social Disputes over GMOs: An Overview

This review provides an overview of social research on genetically modified crops (GM crops), also known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Academic inquiry on the social disputes over the future of agriculture biotechnology has multiplied since the mid‐1990s, when the first seeds were approved for market commercialization. This essay identifies and describes five prominent analytical approaches to explain public controversies over GMOs: the political economy of food and agriculture, social studies on science, democracy theory, research on corporations and hegemony, and social movement and peasant studies. This overview concludes by arguing that these different strains, although each privileging one analytical dimension and one level of analysis, converge in (i) the definition of the relevant explanatory factors, (ii) in the identification of the various levels of analysis – global, transnational, national and local – involved in the issue and (iii) in the prognostic that social disputes over GMOs are likely to remain a topic of public and scholar interest in the near future.     

Negotiating the NGO/Social Movement Dichotomy: Evidence from Punjab,India

Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and social movements are often juxtaposed as two distinct modes of action within civil society. While NGOs are seen as being linked to the interests of donors and being composed primarily of middle-class professionals, social movements are presented as a more authentic expression of grassroots perspectives. While academic literature compares and contrasts these two forms of organisation in the abstract, there has been comparatively little research exploring how civil society actors themselves conceptualise the NGO/social movement dichotomy and how this influences their strategic decision making. The Kheti Virasat Mission (KVM), working in the North Indian state of Punjab, is a useful case for exploring this issue. KVM is one of a growing number of groups working in the field of sustainable agriculture that has chosen to adopt a social movement model of organisation and distance itself from NGOs. The case helps illuminate how and why social movements differentiate themselves from NGOs and the challenges they face in doing so.     

Class and Continuity in Social Reproduction: An Empirical Investigation

The class tradition in the study of social mobility suffers from a number of theoretical and practical weaknesses. In this article we concentrate on the issue of how well the Goldthorpe/CASMIN class schema explains the extent of the social reproduction of advantage when compared with the Cambridge Scale, a continuous measure of occupational and social hierarchy. If classes are to be given any useful meaning, then the groupings involved should be internally relatively homogeneous with respect to a significant criterion of interest to the researcher and there should be relatively clear boundaries between them. In the case of social mobility, the criterion of interest is the ability of the members of one generation to pass on any relative advantage to their successors. Using data from the Nuffield Social Mobility Study, the article examines the relationship between the occupational position of fathers and sons, demonstrating that there is substantial variation within social classes with respect to the reproduction of advantage and that there is no evidence for the existence of boundaries between classes. One consequence is an under-estimation of the extent of reproduction. The findings indicate that the stratification order has to be seen as a continuous hierarchy rather than as a set of distinct classes.     

Awakenings: Autobiography,Memory, and the Social Logic of Personal Discovery

Taking a formal, sociocognitive approach to narrative analysis, I explore autobiographical stories about discovering “truth” in political, psychological, religious, and sexual realms of social life. Despite (1) significant differences in subject matter and (2) conflicting or oppositional notions of truth, individuals in different social environments tell stories that follow the same awakening formula. Analyzing accounts from a wide variety of social and historical contexts, I show how individuals and communities use these autobiographical stories to define salient moral and political concerns and weigh in on cultural and epistemic disputes. Awakening narratives are important mechanisms of mnemonic and autobiographical revision that individuals use to redefine their past experiences and relationships and plot future courses of action while explaining major transformations of worldview. Awakeners use two ideal‐typical vocabularies of liminality to justify traversing the social divide between contentious autobiographical communities. Further, awakeners divide their lives into discrete autobiographical periods and convey a figurative interaction between the split personas of a temporally divided self. Individuals use this autobiographical formula to reject the cognitive and mnemonic norms of one community and embrace those of another. Advancing a “social geometry” of awakening narratives, I illuminate the social logic behind our seemingly personal discoveries of “truth.”