浅论未成年人犯罪

未成年人犯罪指年满14周岁不满18周岁的未成年人实施的违反刑法和有关刑事法律应予以刑罚处罚的犯罪行为．未成年人犯罪问题已经成为社会关注度最高的问题之一。任何现象都有其存在的原因和条件,未成年人犯罪也有其原因,包括自身原因、家庭原因、学校原因、社会原因等。未成年人是祖国的未来,民族的希望,我们应采取家庭预防、学校预防、社会预防以及司法预防等多种预防方法,以预防和减少未成年人犯罪。     

论我国未成年人刑事责任制度完善

随着社会发展,未成年人犯罪出现年龄趋于年轻、犯罪类型多样以及犯罪手段残忍的特点,其中让人们更加关注的是未成年人犯罪刑事责任承担问题。然而,目前我国刑法中刑事责任年龄最低为14周岁,不满14周岁的未成年人,是否无论其犯罪危害性大小以及犯罪手段的残忍与否都不应当受到刑罚处罚,这一问题值得我们深思。本文主要从不满14周岁未成年人刑事责任承担制度出发,分析当前制度,提出完善的建议。     

青少年犯罪及其相关司法问题

我国近年来的青少年犯罪率不断升高，呈现出令人担忧的急剧增长趋势。由于发育年龄提前和频繁接受暴力文化影响等原因，不满14周岁的未成年人危害社会的行为逐渐增多。中国青少年人口总量由低谷开始攀升，将进入一个稳步上升期，而目前中国整体犯罪率，包括青少年犯罪率都处于上升状态，未来5年青少年犯罪总量将进一步增加。本文在分析青少年犯罪现状的基础上，对其相关的司法保护问题进行分析，并提出促进青少年健康成长的意见。     

失学未成年人犯罪的预防

失学未成年人犯罪已成为一个日益突出的社会问题．其特点主要表现为文化水平低、人数急剧增加等。失学未成年人犯罪的原因．除社会原因、家庭原因外，还有青少年自身的原因。失学未成年人犯罪对其家庭、社会均带来极大的危害．全社会必须下大力气预防和减少失学未成年人犯罪。     

论未成年人恶性犯罪追责机制之完善——以恶意补足年龄规则为鉴

未成年人犯罪在近几年来逐渐倾向于恶性化、低龄化,尤其有关完全不负无刑事责任年龄人的恶性犯罪案件屡屡出现于舆论焦点,社会影响较为恶劣,及时完善刑事责任年龄等相关法律制度尤为重要。可以参考英美国家“恶意补足年龄”规则适用的司法实践,其针对未成年人恶性犯罪个案的犯罪主体资格补足机制,对于未成年人恶性犯罪追责机制完善乃至犯罪防控具有重要意义。针对特定犯罪适当设置特殊年龄区间,并在该区间内,针对特定的犯罪人加以适用“恶意补足年龄”规则,可考虑其于未来我国未成年人恶性犯罪追责机制补充衔接的合理性。     

美国未成年人犯罪的司法系统

美国未成年人的犯罪司法系统源远流长,司法制度经历了重大改革。本文简述未成年人犯罪嫌疑与司法制度产生关系的五道关,即警察局、收容审理、理由听证、司法听证和处理听证。对我国未成年人犯罪的司法系统建设或许有一定借鉴意义。     

试论未成年人犯罪社区矫治

随着社会的发展和进步，未成年人犯罪率逐年提高，成为严重的社会问题。本文从未成年人的犯罪特点以及未成年人犯罪社区矫治存在的缺陷知构想进行简要的论述。     

未成年人案件审查逮捕工作浅议

近年来，未成年人犯罪日益上升，已成为继毒品、环境污染之后的第三大全球性社会问题，由于未成年人犯罪人具有涉世浅、可塑性强、容易改造的特点，而作为一个特殊犯罪主体，引起了全世界的关注。笔者在此谈谈在审查逮捕工作中遇到的未成年人犯罪的问题，并提出几点建议。     

山东省未成年人犯罪的原因及预防对策

调查结果表明,近年来山东省未成年人犯罪日趋严重,犯罪人数逐年上升,已成为当前山东省一个突出的社会问题.本文列举了当前山东省未成年人犯罪的六个特点,分析了造成未成年人犯罪的四大原因,提出了预防和治理未成年人犯罪的四大措施.     

刍议未成年人寻衅滋事犯罪动因及对策

近年来,我国的未成年人犯罪率持续上升,未成年人犯罪已成为一个突出的社会问题,未成年人已成为违法犯罪的高发群体。出于为四川省预防未成年人犯罪立法提供实证依据的研究需要,对具有典型代表意义的四川某县未成年人犯罪实例进行数据调查、典型案例采样与分析和重点访谈调研,积极探究未成年人犯罪的动机,剖析解读未成年人犯罪动因,多种渠道发力降低未成年人的犯罪率,防止未成年人走上犯罪的道路,从而有效预防和控制未成年人犯罪行为的发生。     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.