随机化回答技术在敏感性问题调查中的一种新应用

最近,在我们开展的一次关于深圳市居民生活水平调查时遇到这样一个问题:我们需要知道深圳居民的银行存款状况,所以拟了以下一个调查问题:“您现在的银行存款是()?以下有六个备选项,⑴3万以下;⑵3-10万;⑶10-30万;⑷30-50万;⑸50-80万;⑹80万以上。”很显然该问题属于强敏感性问题,因此被调查者极有可能出于保护个人隐私而拒绝回答或作虚假回答。解决敏感性调查问题比较科学和常用的方法就是随机化回答技术。随机化回答技术最早由沃纳(Warner)于1965提出,之后就有很多人提出改进的随机化回答模型,如双无关问题模型、隐含的随机化回答模型、随机截尾的Warner与Sim-mons模型等。从二项选择到多项选择、从定性到定量,随机化回答技术在解决敏感性问题调查方面日渐完善。理论的可行性和操作的简便性是设计随机化回答模型的基本要求也是设计的难点。目前,很多的模型在理论的可行性方面无可非议,但其过于繁琐的操作规则使模型的价值大打折扣。本文旨在通过对西蒙斯随机化回答模型作一定延伸,从而获得解决多项选择的敏感性调查问题的一种易于操作的方法。     

一种随机选择的扰动随机化回答技术

已有的定量敏感性问题随机化回答策略都是通过一个事先确定的调查者知道的设计参数来设计回答装置。文章给出一种用随机产生的且不被调查者所知的设计参数设计随机的随机化调查装置,所提出的装置不仅提高了被调查者对调查的配合程度,而且在精度上也要优于固定设计参数的调查模型。     

企业市场调查中随机化回答技术的应用

随机化回答技术十分适宜调查敏感性问题并获得相关资料.在企业市场调查中应用随机化回答技术有利于获得敏感性资料,减少调查误差,提高企业竞争力和企业科学管理水平.文章以非工资性收入调查为例,说明了如何组合应用西蒙斯模型法与格林伯格非相关模型法.     

对敏感性问题调查之随机化回答技术的思考

抽样调查在人们生活、工作的方方面面中起着越发重要的作用 ,但数据的无回答现象降低了数据的质量 ,使调查的精度大打折扣。针对于此 ,本文介绍了在敏感性问题调查中使用频率颇高的沃纳模型和西蒙斯模型 ,阐述了随机化回答模型的基本原理 ,并比较了两种模型 ,指出了沃纳模型应用的局限性及西蒙斯模型在此基础上进行的改进。最后提出了在我国应用随机化回答技术应注意的几个问题     

沃纳模型的缺陷及其改进

一、沃纳模型的基本思想 沃纳模型是沃纳(Warner)于1965年首先提出的一种随机化回答模型.该模型是为了解决社会经济现象中敏感性问题而采用的一种随机化回答技术.模型设计的基本思想是:为了调查某个敏感性问题,同时列出两个存在相关关系的问题制成卡片(一个问题是具有某种特征为卡片A,另一个问题是不具有某种特征为卡片B),被调查者随机抽取卡片(不告诉调查人员)进行回答,回答后,卡片不退还调查人员.这种设计,使调查人员不知道被调查者在回答哪一个问题,在一定程度上消除了被调查者的担心和顾虑,使他们参与调查,从而实现了被调查者提供真实情况的自我保护.同时,调查人员还可以通过对所有调查结果的汇总,利用概率原理推算得到总体中具有该特征人数比例的估计值.其模型公式为:     

市场调查中的敏感性问题刍议

敏感性问题是市场调查实践中最常遇到的困难之一,敏感性问题的存在会使被调查者拒绝回答或不诚实回答从而影响调查质量。文章从调查实践、随机化回答设计以及相关性辅助调查三个方面论述了在市场调查中如何有效地处理敏感性问题。     

敏感性问题调查法效率的比较

一、引言 "随机化回答"调查技术是人类针对社会和经济现象中敏感性问题调查时的一项极富智慧的技术创造.     

敏感性问题调查的新方法——网上调查

一、网上敏感性问题调查的含义抽样调查技术中有一项独特的调查技术,即敏感性问题的随机化回答技术.所谓敏感性问题,就是所调查内容涉及私人机密而不愿或不便于公开表态或陈述的问题. 这类问题涉及到被调查者的隐私,如赌博、吸毒、婚前性行为、偷税漏税等.如果直接提问,易引起反感,或者得不到真实回答,或者遭到拒绝,无法得到结果.尽管国外已设计出随机化回答技术对此类问题进行调查,但调查方式陈旧、不     

随机化回答技术调查“敏感性问题”的博弈分析及设计改进——对一次沃纳方法调查实践的分析思考

沃纳方法等随机化回答技术是对“敏感性问题”调查的创新之举，但调查实践显示调查对象是否如实回答值得研究，博弈分析表明，随机化回答技术的有效性与调查对象对“群体性特征”的曝露是否敏感有关，据此，应改进调查设计和组织。     

随机化回答技术在居民住房贷款调查中的应用研究

如何调查和了解居民的住房贷款比例以及平均月还款额这类敏感性问题呢?本文分别以西蒙斯模型、三项选择属性模型和Greenberg模型为例,详细阐述了各类随机化回答技术在居民住房贷款调查中的应用。     

Utilization of higher order moments of scrambling variables in randomized response sampling

In this paper, a new estimator for estimating the proportion of a potentially sensitive attribute in survey sampling has been introduced. The proposed estimator makes use of higher order moments of the scrambling variable at the estimation stage. The proposed estimator has been found to be more efficient than the estimator due to Kuk [1990. Asking sensitive questions indirectly. Biomerika 77(2), 436–438] and Franklin [1989. A comparison of estimators for randomized response sampling with continuous distributions from a dichotomous population. Comm. Statist. Theory Methods 18, 489–505] type estimators in randomized response sampling. Recently, Guerriero and Sandri [2007. A note on the comparison of some randomized response procedures. J. Statist. Plann. Inference 137, 2184–2190] have shown that the family of randomized response models proposed by Kuk [1990. Asking sensitive questions indirectly. Biomerika 77(2), 436–438] is better than the Simmons’ family in terms of efficiency and protection.     

Logistic regression analysis of randomized response data with missing covariates

Randomized response is an interview technique designed to eliminate response bias when sensitive questions are asked. In this paper, we present a logistic regression model on randomized response data when the covariates on some subjects are missing at random. In particular, we propose Horvitz and Thompson (1952)-type weighted estimators by using different estimates of the selection probabilities. We present large sample theory for the proposed estimators and show that they are more efficient than the estimator using the true selection probabilities. Simulation results support theoretical analysis. We also illustrate the approach using data from a survey of cable TV.     

Advances in estimation by the item sum technique using auxiliary information in complex surveys

To collect sensitive data, survey statisticians have designed many strategies to reduce nonresponse rates and social desirability response bias. In recent years, the item count technique has gained considerable popularity and credibility as an alternative mode of indirect questioning survey, and several variants of this technique have been proposed as new needs and challenges arise. The item sum technique (IST), which was introduced by Chaudhuri and Christofides (Indirect questioning in sample surveys, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2013) and Trappmann et al. (J Surv Stat Methodol 2:58–77, 2014), is one such variant, used to estimate the mean of a sensitive quantitative variable. In this approach, sampled units are asked to respond to a two-list of items containing a sensitive question related to the study variable and various innocuous, nonsensitive, questions. To the best of our knowledge, very few theoretical and applied papers have addressed the IST. In this article, therefore, we present certain methodological advances as a contribution to appraising the use of the IST in real-world surveys. In particular, we employ a generic sampling design to examine the problem of how to improve the estimates of the sensitive mean when auxiliary information on the population under study is available and is used at the design and estimation stages. A Horvitz–Thompson-type estimator and a calibration-type estimator are proposed and their efficiency is evaluated by means of an extensive simulation study. Using simulation experiments, we show that estimates obtained by the IST are nearly equivalent to those obtained using “true data” and that in general they outperform the estimates provided by a competitive randomized response method. Moreover, variance estimation may be considered satisfactory. These results open up new perspectives for academics, researchers and survey practitioners and could justify the use of the IST as a valid alternative to traditional direct questioning survey modes.     

A comparison of two randomized response survey methods with consideration for the level of respondent protection

In recent years randomized response methods have been introduced in an attempt to improve the accuracy and honesty in personalized response surveys of very sensitive questions. Two randomized response methods are compared, taking into account the protection afforded the respondent. In addition, we point out that the estimators, which previous authors have claimed to be the maximum likelihood estimators of the population proportion with the sensitive characteristic, are in fact not the maximum likelihood estimators.     

Estimating Marihuana Usage Using Randomized Response—Some Paradoxical Findings

A randomized response technique was used in parallel with direct questioning on the (illegal) usage of marihuana in a population survey of Canberra. Estimates of usage from the randomized questions were much lower than those obtained directly. A number of possible explanations for these paradoxical findings are considered.     

Scrambled randomized response methods for obtaining sensitive quantitative data

We study a multiplicative randomized response method for obtaining responses to sensitive questions when the answers are quantitative. The method involves the respondent multiplying his sensitive answer by a random number from a known distribution, and giving the product to the interviewer, who does not know the value of the random number and thus receives a scrambled response. Some particular distributions for the random scrambling number are proposed and studied, and ways of generating the scrambling numbers are discussed. Some modifications for increasing the efficiency of the method are proposed, and numerical results are given that show the scrambled response method is generally superior to the previously used method of randomizing questions.     

A validation of a computer-assisted randomized response survey to estimate the prevalence of fraud in social security

Summary.  In the Netherlands, there is a research tradition that measures fraud against regulations by interviewing eligible individuals using a survey. In these studies the sensitive questions about fraud are posed by using a randomized response method. The paper describes the results of a Dutch study into the consequences of replacing home interviews by trained interviewers with Internet-delivered interviews in a survey on fraud in the area of disability benefits. Both surveys used computer-assisted self-interviews with randomized response questions. This study has three goals: first to present the research tradition that makes use of randomized response, second to compare the results of home interviews and the Internet survey and finally to introduce an adapted weighted logistic regression method to test the relationship between the probability of fraud and explanatory variables. The results show that there are no systematic differences between modes of interview, either for estimates of the prevalence of fraud or for the identification of associated variables. These outcomes result in the conclusion that the Internet survey is a useful and cost-effective instrument for measuring fraud in a population, and that it is unlikely that replacing home interviews with the Internet survey will result in a significant break with tradition.     

Note on umvsu-estimation under randomized response model

Considering a class ofs randomized response trials for eliciting sensitive information from a sample survey and a class of ordered sampling designs, a uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator of population variance (of the sensitive character) has been obtained. This note indicates that a theorem (theorem 3.9) of Cassel, Sarndal and Wretman (1977) and the results in the present note can be extended to estimation of any symmetric function of population values in the field of direct response surveys and randomized response surveys respectively.     

数量特征敏感问题问卷设计

目前,数量特征敏感问题调查主要采用随机化策略,该策略需使用随机化装置,从而需要在现场实施。提出一种问卷设计技术,该技术用无关问题替代随机化装置,因而不需要调查者亲临现场,不受调查规模及调查单位聚散的限制,使得调查更加方便、实用、经济。给出了相应的无偏估计量,推算出估计量的方差和方差的估计量并举例说明。     

改进的随机截尾模型

在随机截尾模型的基础上,为了保护被调查者的隐私,文章提出了一种改进的调查数量敏感性问题的随机化回答方法,并把改进模型的精度与随机截尾模型、随机截尾Warner模型进行了比较。